Pitts v. Freeman’s Empirical Analysis
755 F.2d 1423 · 1985
Citation profile
30 federal appellate · 1 district ·
How this case has been cited
Cited by 50 later decisions — most recently September 2001 · most notably Georgia State Conference of Branches of NAACP v. Georgia (1985), Keyes v. School District No. 1 (1990)
30 federal appellate · 1 district ·
Later decisions citing this case, by decade. The current decade is in progress, and our corpus holds fewer opinions from the most recent years, so the latest bars are undercounted — not a real decline.
Relationships
Relies on Bonner v. City of Prichard · Swann v. Charlotte-Mecklenburg Board of Education · Green v. County School Board of New Kent County · Columbus Board of Education v. Penick · Wright v. Council of Emporia
Most-quoted passages
The sentences later courts lift from this opinion, ranked by how many decisions quote each — the parts of the opinion doing the work. These counts are smaller than the citation total above because most of the 50 citing decisions cite the case generally; a passage count includes only decisions quoting that exact language verbatim.
“District courts must retain jurisdiction over such cases to insure not only the implementation of the desegregation plan but also "the achievement of the ultimate goal — a unitary school system in which the State does not discriminate between public school children on the basis of race.” In order to conclude a school desegregation case, a district court must hold a hearing to determine if the school system indeed has achieved unitary status. The plaintiffs should receive notice of the hearing’s purpose, and the hearing should give them an opportunity to show why the court should continue to retain jurisdiction.”
6 later decisions quote this exact passage · from the majority“The plaintiffs should receive notice of the hearing's purpose, and the hearing should give them an opportunity to show why the court should continue to retain jurisdiction.”
3 later decisions quote this exact passage · from the majority“[O]fficial action that has the effect of perpetuating or reestablishing a dual school system violates [this] duty to desegregate.”
3 later decisions quote this exact passage · from the majority
How this case has been treated — in progress
Whether each later court followed, distinguished, criticized, or overruled this decision. The treatment classification (task #35) runs highest-cited cases first and lights up here as it reaches this one.