Hopwood v. Texas’s Empirical Analysis
78 F.3d 932 · 1996
Citation profile
53 federal appellate · 12 district · 5 state decisions
How this case has been cited
Cited by 121 later decisions (6 by the Supreme Court) — most recently July 2025 · most notably Grutter v. Bollinger (2003), Texas v. Lesage (1999)
53 federal appellate · 12 district · 5 state decisions
Later decisions citing this case, by decade. The current decade is in progress, and our corpus holds fewer opinions from the most recent years, so the latest bars are undercounted — not a real decline.
Relationships
Relies on Batson v. Kentucky · St. Mary's Honor Center v. Hicks · Mt. Healthy City School District Board of Education v. Doyle · Village of Arlington Heights v. Metropolitan Housing Development Corp. · Brown et al. v. Board of Education of Topeka et al.
Most-quoted passages
The sentences later courts lift from this opinion, ranked by how many decisions quote each — the parts of the opinion doing the work. These counts are smaller than the citation total above because most of the 121 citing decisions cite the case generally; a passage count includes only decisions quoting that exact language verbatim.
“[A]ll racial classifications, imposed by whatever federal, state, or local governmental actor, must be analyzed by a reviewing court under strict scrutiny.”
5 later decisions quote this exact passage · from the majority“[A]ny consideration of race or ethnicity . . . for the purpose of achieving a diverse student body is not a compelling interest under the Fourteenth Amendment.”
4 later decisions quote this exact passage · from the concurrence“The central purpose of the Equal Protection Clause “is to prevent the States from purposefully discriminating between individuals on the basis of race.” Shaw v. Reno, 509 U.S. 630, 642 , 113 S.Ct. 2816 , 125 L.Ed.2d 511 (1993) (citing Washington v. Davis, 426 U.S. 229, 239 , 96 S.Ct. 2040 , 48 L.Ed.2d 597 (1976)). It seeks ultimately to render the issue of race irrelevant in governmental decision making. See Palmore v. Sidoti 466 U.S. 429, 432 , 104 S.Ct. 1879 , 80 L.Ed.2d 421 (1984) (“a core purpose of the Fourteenth Amendment was to do away with all governmentally imposed discrimination.”)”
2 later decisions quote this exact passage · from the concurrence
How this case has been treated — in progress
Whether each later court followed, distinguished, criticized, or overruled this decision. The treatment classification (task #35) runs highest-cited cases first and lights up here as it reaches this one.