United States v. Whiting’s Empirical Analysis
781 F.2d 692 · 1986
Citation profile
31 federal appellate · 8 state decisions
How this case has been cited
Cited by 49 later decisions — most recently March 2013 · most notably United States v. Vasey (1987), United States v. Echegoyen (1986)
31 federal appellate · 8 state decisions
Later decisions citing this case, by decade. The current decade is in progress, and our corpus holds fewer opinions from the most recent years, so the latest bars are undercounted — not a real decline.
Relationships
Applies 19 U.S.C. § 482 · 22 U.S.C. § 401 (§ 1 of the Espionage Act of 1917) · 50 U.S.C. § 4614
Relies on Wong Sun v. United States · United States v. Leon · Hannahville Indian Community v. United States · Almeida-Sanchez v. United States · Marshall v. Barlow's, Inc.
Most-quoted passages
The sentences later courts lift from this opinion, ranked by how many decisions quote each — the parts of the opinion doing the work. These counts are smaller than the citation total above because most of the 49 citing decisions cite the case generally; a passage count includes only decisions quoting that exact language verbatim.
“The Leon exception ... is clearly limited to warrants invalidated for lack of probable cause and does not create the broad 'good faith' exception the government suggests.... The Leon rule should therefore not be applied to invalid warrantless searches.”
3 later decisions quote this exact passage · from the majority“Section 482, Search of Vehicles and Persons Any of the officers or persons authorized to board or search vessels may stop, search and examine * * * any vehicle, beast, or person, on which or whom they shall suspect there is merchandise which is subject to duty or shall have been introduced into the United States in any manner contrary to law * * * and to search any trunk or envelope, wherever found in which he may have reasonable cause to suspect there is merchandise which was imported contrary to law * *.”
1 later decision quote this exact passage · from the majority“suggest[ ] that a 'good-faith' exception applies to all illegal searches.”
1 later decision quote this exact passage · from the majoritye.g. Thompson v. State
How this case has been treated — in progress
Whether each later court followed, distinguished, criticized, or overruled this decision. The treatment classification (task #35) runs highest-cited cases first and lights up here as it reaches this one.