Batra’s Empirical Analysis
Citation profile
13 district · 5 state decisions
How this case has been cited
Cited by 37 later decisions — most recently November 2020 · most notably Ramos v. Town of Vernon (2000), Lockhart v. Cedar Rapids Community School District (1997)
13 district · 5 state decisions
Later decisions citing this case, by decade. The current decade is in progress, and our corpus holds fewer opinions from the most recent years, so the latest bars are undercounted — not a real decline.
Relationships
Relies on Board of Regents of State Colleges v. Roth · Perry v. Sindermann · City of Cleburne Texas v. Cleburne Living Center · Albright v. Oliver · Snowden v. Hughes
Most-quoted passages
The sentences later courts lift from this opinion, ranked by how many decisions quote each — the parts of the opinion doing the work. These counts are smaller than the citation total above because most of the 37 citing decisions cite the case generally; a passage count includes only decisions quoting that exact language verbatim.
“As the Supreme Court said in Snowden v. Hughes, 321 U.S. 1, 8 , 64 S.Ct. 397, 401 , 88 L.Ed. 497 (1944): The unlawful administration by state officers of a state statute fair on its face resulting in the unequal application to those who are entitled to be treated alike, is not a denial of equal protection unless there is shown to be present in it an element of intentional or purposeful discrimination. Snowden confirms that the something more required of the plaintiff in this kind of equal protection case is the presence of an unlawful intent to discriminate against the plaintiff for an invalid reason. Plaintiff need not prove that another fundamental right was trampled — the right to equal protection of the laws is itself fundamental. Nor need plaintiff prove that he or she was victimized by a “suspect classification” such as race. But the discrimination must be intentional, and the government’s motive must fail to comport with the requirements of equal protection. See Dickens v. State of Missouri by Ashcroft, 887 F.2d 895 (8th Cir.1989) (per curiam).”
2 later decisions quote this exact passage · from the majority“... only a way of indicating that in order to give rise to a constitutional grievance a departure from a norm must be rooted in design and not derive merely from error or fallible judgment.”
1 later decision quote this exact passage · from the majority“[T]he relevant prerequisite is unlawful discrimination, not whether plaintiff is part of a victimized class.”
1 later decision quote this exact passage · from the majoritye.g. No. 98-3389
How this case has been treated — in progress
Whether each later court followed, distinguished, criticized, or overruled this decision. The treatment classification (task #35) runs highest-cited cases first and lights up here as it reaches this one.