Parr v. Woodmen of the World Life Insurance’s Empirical Analysis
791 F.2d 888 · 1986
Citation profile
42 federal appellate · 9 district · 5 state decisions
How this case has been cited
Cited by 107 later decisions (1 by the Supreme Court) — most recently June 2024 · most notably Holcomb v. Iona College (2008), Johnson v. University of Cincinnati (2000)
42 federal appellate · 9 district · 5 state decisions
Later decisions citing this case, by decade. The current decade is in progress, and our corpus holds fewer opinions from the most recent years, so the latest bars are undercounted — not a real decline.
Relationships
Applies 42 U.S.C. § 1981 (Civil Rights Act of 1866) · 42 U.S.C. § 2000E (§ 703 of the Title VII of the Civil Rights Act of 1964)
Relies on Conley v. Gibson · Scheuer v. Rhodes · Bonner v. City of Prichard · Griggs v. Duke Power Co. · Johnson v. Railway Express Agency, Inc.
Most-quoted passages
The sentences later courts lift from this opinion, ranked by how many decisions quote each — the parts of the opinion doing the work. These counts are smaller than the citation total above because most of the 107 citing decisions cite the case generally; a passage count includes only decisions quoting that exact language verbatim.
“Where a plaintiff claims discrimination based upon an interracial marriage or association, he alleges, by definition, that he has been discriminated against because of his race.”
6 later decisions quote this exact passage · from the majority“discriminat[ing] against any individual with respect to his compensation, terms, conditions, or privileges of employment[] because of such individual's race, color, religion, sex, or national origin.”
4 later decisions quote this exact passage · from the majority“which Congress charged with interpreting, administering, and enforcing Title VII, has consistently held that an employer who takes adverse action against an employee or a potential employee because of an interracial association violates Title VII.”
2 later decisions quote this exact passage · from the majority
How this case has been treated — in progress
Whether each later court followed, distinguished, criticized, or overruled this decision. The treatment classification (task #35) runs highest-cited cases first and lights up here as it reaches this one.