United States v. White’s Empirical Analysis
794 F.2d 367 · 1986
Citation profile
80 federal appellate · 3 state decisions
How this case has been cited
Cited by 89 later decisions — most recently August 2024 · most notably United States v. Brandon (1994), United States v. Gonzalez (1991)
80 federal appellate · 3 state decisions
Later decisions citing this case, by decade. The current decade is in progress, and our corpus holds fewer opinions from the most recent years, so the latest bars are undercounted — not a real decline.
Relationships
Applies 18 U.S.C. § 1708 · 18 U.S.C. § 371
Relies on Bruton v. United States · Davis v. Alaska · S.S. Zoe Colocotroni v. Puerto Rico · Johnson v. Righetti · Hullum v. United States
Most-quoted passages
The sentences later courts lift from this opinion, ranked by how many decisions quote each — the parts of the opinion doing the work. These counts are smaller than the citation total above because most of the 89 citing decisions cite the case generally; a passage count includes only decisions quoting that exact language verbatim.
“A conscious avoidance instruction is 'properly given only when a defendant claims a lack of guilty knowledge and there are facts and evidence that support an inference of deliberate ignorance.'”
6 later decisions quote this exact passage · from the concurrence“'The response to a jury request for supplemental instructions is a matter within the sound discretion of the district court.'”
5 later decisions quote this exact passage · from the majority“'because of the possibility that the jury will be led to employ a negligence standard and convict a defendant on the impermissible ground that he should have known [an illegal act] was taking place.'”
4 later decisions quote this exact passage · from the concurrence
How this case has been treated — in progress
Whether each later court followed, distinguished, criticized, or overruled this decision. The treatment classification (task #35) runs highest-cited cases first and lights up here as it reaches this one.