United States v. Smith’s Empirical Analysis
799 F.2d 704 · 1986
Citation profile
135 federal appellate · 12 district · 74 state decisions
How this case has been cited
Cited by 258 later decisions — most recently July 2020 · most notably City of Dayton v. Erickson (1996), United States v. Rusher (1992)
135 federal appellate · 12 district · 74 state decisions — followed in 26 states
Later decisions citing this case, by decade. The current decade is in progress, and our corpus holds fewer opinions from the most recent years, so the latest bars are undercounted — not a real decline.
Relationships
Relies on Terry v. Ohio · Bonner v. City of Prichard · Delaware v. Prouse · Berkemer v. McCarty · United States v. Brignoni-Ponce
Most-quoted passages
The sentences later courts lift from this opinion, ranked by how many decisions quote each — the parts of the opinion doing the work. These counts are smaller than the citation total above because most of the 258 citing decisions cite the case generally; a passage count includes only decisions quoting that exact language verbatim.
“[A] court should ask 'not whether the officer could validly have made the stop, but whether under the same circumstances a reasonable officer would have made the stop in the absence of the invalid purpose.'”
21 later decisions quote this exact passage · from the majority“reasonable officer would have made the seizure in the absence of illegitimate motivation.”
17 later decisions quote this exact passage · from the majority“'an objective assessment of the officer's actions in light of the facts and circumstances confronting him at the time,' and not on the officer's actual state of mind at the time of the challenged action taken.”
10 later decisions quote this exact passage · from the majoritye.g. State v. Lopez · Kehoe v. State
How this case has been treated — in progress
Whether each later court followed, distinguished, criticized, or overruled this decision. The treatment classification (task #35) runs highest-cited cases first and lights up here as it reaches this one.