'KITH f1. OITY OJ' J'OND DU LAO.
i89
811ITJI
t1.
Om
OJ' FOND DU LAO.
HIGGINS V. SAME.
((}Wcuit Ouurt, E. D. WiaconBin.
JuJ,y 12, 1881.)
IIUNIOlPAL BoNDS-RAILROADS-CONSTITUTION 01' WISCONSIN, ART.
11, f 8. The legislature of Wisconsin pa811ed an act whereby it authorized the defendant to subscribe to the capital stock of a particular railroad, and to make, issue and deliver to such company its bonds, etc., provided a majority of the legal voters of the defendant municipality shall flrst have voted in favor of such subscription, as also in favor of a Proposition, in writing, stating the amount, kind, and description of stock or bonds, etc., to be subscribed, submitted by such railroad. The statute set no limit to the amount of such subscription, except that the city authorities could make only such subscription and issue such amount of bonds as called for by this proposition. In an action brought by holders of coupons attached to these bonds, held, such statute is not in con· flict with section 3 of article 11 of the constitution of Wisconsin, providing for a restriction upon the power of municipalities, among other things, to borrow money, contract debts, and loan their credit. A federal court, when determining the rights of parties under 8 state law, will never, in 8 doubtful case, adjudge such law to be in conflict. with the constitution of the state, unless sustained in so doing by some distinct adjudica. tion of the highest court of the state. Foster v. Oity of Kenosha, 12 Wis. 618, and Fisk v. Oityof Kenosha, 26 Wis. 23, examined and distinguished.
I.
FEDERAl. COURTS-UNCONSTITUTIONAL STATE LAWS.
These are actions by the holders of coupons attached to certain bonds issued by the city of Fond du Lao in payment of a subscription made in its behalf to the capital stock of a railroad company originally known as the Milwaukee & Northwestern Railway Company, but whose ,name was subsequently changed to that of the Northwestern Union Railway Company. Eaoh bond, dated November 7. 1871, is made payable to the Northwestern Union Railway Company, or bearer, and recites that it"Is one of a series of 750 bonds, bearing even date herewith, each for the sum of $100, and is issued in pursuance of an election held in said city on tile seventh day of November, 1871, under and by virtue of a certain act of the legislature of the state of Wisconsin, approved March 21, 1871, entitled 'Au act to authorize certain towns, cities, and villages therein named to aid the Milwaukee & Northwestern Railway Company,' by which said act certain towns, cities, anel villages were enabled to subscribe for and take stock of the said Milwaukee & Northwestern Railway Company, at which election llo majority of the legal voters of said city voted' for the railway proposition,' requiring the said city to for and take the common stock of the said Milwaukee &; Railway Company, in the sum of $75,000, and to issue the of thp """id city therefor; and the sd.id election having been dUly
v.8,uo.5-19
ordered, noticed, and held by the proper authorities, and then and there declared duly carried' for the, railway :proper authorities, a proposition in writing having been previously made and submitted by said company to the proper authorities of the-oity,of Fond du Lac, as required by said act after such an election, the same ha,ving been and,held, and notice of the time and place of holdlng the same having 'been given in all respects as requh8d by law and the act aforesaid, the narne of. the said, Milwaukee & Northwestern Railway Company was changed to that' of the. Northwestern l!nion Railway Company, by unanimous vote of the stockholders at a regular meeting thereof, held at the city of Fond du Lac on the third day of May. A. D. 11372, in pursuance of the statute, in snch.a case made and provided."
The bonds were the wayor and clerk, and attested by the cQrporate seal of the city. The bonds were executed by the city about July 18,1872, and delivered to a trustee, who delivered them to the Northwestern Union Ralway Company in 1878, the city receiving stock in exchange therefor. They were sold in open market, the plaintiff subsequently becoming purchaser of those in suit, in good faith and for value. The city, by order of its council, regularly paid the interest coupons until November, 1880, when it refused to make further payment. Smith sued on $50,000, and Higgins on $25,000 of the issue. Edwin H. Abbot, for plaintiff Preserved Smith. Winfield Smith, for plaintiff Higgins. Edward S. Bragg and W. D. Conklin, for defendant, city of Fond du Lac. After stating the facts, Mr. 'Justice Harlan delivered, orally, his opinion upon the legal questions raised and discussed, as follows: HARLAN, Justice. The recitals in the bonds import It compliance with the provisions of the statute under the authority of which they were issued. The fact that no such corporation as the Northwestern Union By. Co. was in existence at the date of the bonds is wholly immaterial, since it satisfactorily appears that they were, in fact, issued after that corporation was created, and by virtue of the statute of 18'71, authorizing the city of Fond du Lac, and other designated municipal corporations, to suoscribe stock in the Milwaukee & Northwestern Railway Company, and to execute bonds in payment thereof. The city is estopped, by the recitals in the bonds, to say that the change, by the original company, of ite corpmate name to that of the Northwestern Union Railway Company, was not in pursuance of the statute governing such cases. " Plainly, therefore, the only question among those discussed by learned counsel for the city which need be considered, is whether the
SMITH V. CITY OF FOND DU LAC.
act of'March 24, 1871, is in conflict with the constitution of Wisconsin. If that position be sustained, the bonds must be declared void, by whoD1soeverheld,and without' reference to the good Cir bad faith of those who now own them.' With the decisions of tlIe'supreme court of the United States upon this point, counsel, I observe, are entirely familiar; and it is therefore unnecessary to make special reference to them. The first section of the act of 1871 declares that it shall be lawful for the city of Fond du Lac, and certain named towns and villages, to subscribe to the capital stock of the Milwaukee and Northwestern Railway Company, and, in payment thereof,.. To make, issue, and deliver to said company its bonds, payable to such person or persons, trustees or corporation, or to said company or bearer, at sucb time, for such sum or sums, with such rate of interest, not exceeding 10 per cent., transferable by general or special indorsement or by delivery, and in such form and manner, and uponsnch terms and conditions, as may be agreed upon by a.nd between the directors of said railroad company and the proper officers of such town, incorporated city, or village, as the case may be; '" '" '" but no such subscription for the stock or bonds of said company, and 'no such bonds or orders, shall be issued or delivered to said company, or money paid thereto, by or for any such town, city, or village, unless a majority of the legal voters of such town, city, or Village, as the case may be, voting on the queg.. tion, shall first have voted in favor of such subscription in the manner bereafter provided; but when such subscription shall have been made, the same shall be absolutely binding upon the town, city, or Village by 01' in whose behalf such subscription shall be made."
The succeeding sections of the act made provision for a written proposition from the railroad company to the town, city, or village from which it desired a subscription. That proposition, the statute required, should state the amount, kind, and description of stock or bonds desired to be subscribed, the terms of the proposed subscription, and the mode in which its payment was desired to be made; and, if in bonds, then the company's proposition should state the amount of each bond, the aggregate of all such bonds, the rate of interest they were to bear, not exceeding 10 per cent., and the date of maturity. The statute also provided that the substance of this written proposition should be submitted to the legal voters of the municipality at an election called by the proper local authorities, after notice of not less than 20 nor more than 30 days. The statute, it will be also observed, imposes no limit upon the amount which might be subscribed by the designated municipalities, except that lile pr0:i?Jr officers making the subscription, and issuing
292
FEDERAL REPORTER.
the bonds, were restricted to the amount named in the written proposition submitted by the company, and ratified by popular vote; that is, tl;1e city authorities were not given the power to make any subscription, except such as was called for in the proposition submitted to and approved by the people. The absence of any other restriction upon the legal voters, as to the amount to be subscribed, brings the statute, it is earnestly contended, iu conflict with the third section ,of article 11 of the state constitution, as interpreted by the supreme court of. Wisconsin. That provides: "It shall be the duty of the legislature, and they are hereby empowered, to provide for the organization of cities and incorporated villages, and to restrict their power of taxation, assessment, borrowing money, contracting debts, and loaning:their credit, so as to prevent abuses in assessments and taxation, and in contracting debts by such municipal corporations."
In support of the proposition that the act of 1871 is repugnant to the constitutional provision, and therefore void, we are referred to Foster v.Oity of Kenosha, 12 Wis. 618, decided in the year 1860, and to · Fisk v. Oity of Kenosha, 26 Wis. 23, decided in 187.0. In the first of those cases, the question was as to the constitutionality of a certain portion of the charter under which the city of Kenosha had made a subscription to the stock of a railroad company. That charter (section 8) c,ontllined these somewhat unusual provisions: "The city council shall have power to levy and collect special taxes for any purpose ,(aside from what may be specially provided for in the charter) which may be considered essential to promote or seC1;lre the common interest of the city, or may borrow money on the corporate credit of the city for such purposes, any sum of money for any term of time, at any rate of interest, not exceeding 10 per centum, and payable at any place that may bj:l; d,eemed expedient.Bonds or scrip may be issued therefor, under the seal of the corporation, and the resources and credit of the city are pledged for the repayment of the sums so borrowed, with the interest on the same. All such moneys shall be expended under the direction of the city council. But no such tax shall be leviei', or money borrowed, except in accordance with the provisions of section 44 of the city charter; and in all cases when questions under this section are gubmitted to qualified voters, the amount and object of the proposed tax or loan shall be specifically stated to be voted upon." * * * Pro Laws Wis. 1853, p. 304.
The supreme court of Wisconsin, speaking by Mr. Justice Cole, construed this provision as conferring upon the city council of Keuosha an unlimited power to contract indebtedness, including even debts wholly foreign to the purposes for which the municipal corporations were, or perhaps could be, organized. Let us see what the court said. It.s language is:
SMITH V. CITY OF FOND DU LAO.
293
"The common council have authority to contract debts to any amount: impose .taxes for any and all conceivable objects and purposes; embark the finances and credit of the city in any enterprise which, in the jUdgment of the of the city, common council, will contribute to the wealth, prosperity, or or promote the social and material condition of its citizens. There is no limitation, no retltriction, imposed by the legislature upon the power of the corporation to run in debt .01' burden the people with taxes. If the common council deem it expedient, and a majority of the voters of the .city .will sanction the policy, the city, in its corporate capacity, may carry on works of internal improvement at home or abroad, .so that those works are calculated to stimulate the trade and increase the business of the city. No matter bow ruinout! and oppressive these special taxes might be to the owners of real estate, or to the minority· of the tax pay.ers,yet do not see why, under this section of the charter, the common council and a majority of the qualified voters might not compel the city to become a stockholder in a line of steamboats to run up and down the lakes for the transportation of freight and passengers; subscribe for stock in railroads; improve harbors; open roads.and build bridges, within or without the city limits; erect and operate flouring mills; keep hotels; or, in short, embark in any mercantile, manufacturing, or commercial enterprise, which in the language of the charter, · may be considered essential to promote or secure the common interest of the city,' and pledge the resources and credit of the city for the repayment of all sums borrowed for these purposes, and impose taxes to meet the same." "Now," said the court further, "tht< question arises, can the legislature confer upon a municipal corpOr'ation such unlimited power of taxation, such unrestrained ability to contract 'lorporate indebtedness and mortKage the real estate of the city?" .
Again, and after stating that the provision there nnder consideration conferred the power of taxation for other than municipal purposes, the court remarked: "It is a power to impose special taxes to any amount, or for any pnrpose whatever, which may be considered essential to promot.e or secure the. man intet-est of the city. I do not think the legislature could confer upop any municipal corporation such unlimited, absolute power of taxation. More especially is the legislature restrained from conferring such power under a constitution which imposes upon it the duty, in organizing cities and villages, to restrict their power of taxation, borrowing mlmey, and contracting debts. * * * Can it confer upon a municipal corporation the right to lmpose taxes to any amount, and for any purpose? We think not. And, therefore, when the legislature attempts to confer upon a municipal corporation an unrestricted power to levy taxes and raise money, aside from and above what may be necessary and proper to support the local go\-ertiment, and for legitimate municipal purposes, such unlimited grant of power must be held to be void. Otherwise, no force or effect is given to the orovision of the constitution cited."
I have read &omewhat fully from the opinion in Fnstl'r v. City of Kenosha, because upon that case counsel for tlw cityllluinly rely.
294:
REPORTER·.
Nowit is quite clear, to my mind, that the supreme court of Wisconsin have not gone so far'as the learned cpunsel for the city contends that it has. The point there decided was that the legislature could not, constitutionally, confer upon a cOl'poration authority to contract debts, without limit as ,to amount, or without any other restriction as to purposes than the judgment of a common council, sustained by a majority of voters, that the common interest of the municipality will be thereby promoted and secured. The court held that "such unlimited power of taxation, such unrestrained ,ability to contract corporate indebtedness, embracing, as it did, purposes confessedly non-municipal, was inconsistent with the object and design of imposing upon the legislat-are the duty of restricting municipal powers "so as to prevent abuses in assessments and taxation, and in contracting debts." That decision by no means justifies the conclusion that the legislature may not authorize a municipal subscription to the capital stock of one designated -railroad company, without limit, in one sense, as to amount, but yet to be made only after and in accordance with a formal written proposition by the company, setting forth as well the amount desired to be subscribed as the terms of the subscriptions, aLd also after the approval of such proposition by a majority of legal votes cast at an election called and held to pass upon that specific proposition. In the act of March 21, 1&71, the purpose of the subscription therein authorized was distinctly stated, viz.: to aid in the construction of a railroad in which the city of Fond du Lac had a business or com· mercial interest; whereas, the charter of the city of Kenosha did not limit taxation and indebtedness to municipal purposes. This difference between the present case and that case is very material. Con. sequently I do not feel authorized, by anything involved or decided in Foster v. Kenosha, to hold that the legislature of Wisconsin, in passing the act of 1871, transcended the limits pr'escribed by the fundaNor does the subsequent case of Fisk v. mental law of the City of Kenosha condemn the act of 1871 as unconstitutional. That case involved la construction of the same section of the charter of Kenosha as the one referred to in Foster v. Kenosha, and the court does nothing more than affirm its previous ruling. My attention has been called by counsel for the complainant to Lhe recent case of Bound v. Wis. Gent. B. Go., etc., 4:5 Wis. 560. That was also a case of subscription by a town to the capital stock of a railroad c,)mpany. The act under which the subscription was made
SMITH V. CITY OF .F0NDI DU LAC.
S'eems to have been identical with the act of March 21, 1871 1 in the' respects to which the comments of coutiser for citY, of'Fond4u Lac have alluded; that is, the act did not fix a limit upon the l;l.moUl:it of subscription otherwise than (as. hi the us) ize such subscription as the voters when passing lIpon a written proposition of the company containing a statement of the amount of money or bonds desired, and the terms, conditions,and considerations upon which the same would be required to be paid. The report of the case in 45 Wis. does not shoW' that the constitutiona.l question now before us was there raised or distinctly passed upon. But it is nevertheless a fact of some significance that the opinion in Bound v. Wis. Cent. R. Co. was written by the same jus. tice who wrote the opinion in Foster v. Kenosha. If the statute cited in Bound v. Wis. Cent. R. 00. had been deemed by him or by the learned court of which he was a member to be obnoxious to the con:. stitutional provision in question upon the grounds stated in the latter case, it is not probable that he or the court would have overlooked that point, whether raised by counselor not,' or would have withheld an expression of an opinion to that effect. I do not, therefore, feel obliged, by anything in the decisions of the state court, to adjudge that the legislature, in the act of 1871, cised powers forbidden by the constitution of Wisconsin. In ering this question I have not forgotten what was said by the supreme court of the United States, when required, in Fletcher v. Peck, 6 Oranch, 128, to determine whether the legislature of Georgia had, in a particular enactment, violated the constitution of that state. The court there said, speaking by Ohief Justice Marshall, that"The question whether a law be void for its repugnancy to the constitution is, at all times, a question of mucU delicacy, which ought seldom, if ever, to be decided in the affirmative in a doubtful case,"
The more-recent decisions of the same court justify me, I think, in saying that a federal court, when determining the rights of parties under a state law, will never,in ,a doubtful caso, adjudge such law to be in conflict with the state constitution, unless sustained in sd doing by some distinct adjudication of the highest court of the state. In this spirit were the declarations of the supreme court of this state in Att'y Gen. v. Eau Claire, 37 Wis. 400, when it said: "We owe great deference to the legislative authority. It is Qur dnty to give effect to all its enactments, according to its intention, so far as we have constitutionalright and power, And to that end it behooves us, as far as we are able, to place such construction on statutes as will reconcile them to the con.
29((
stitutio:q, and to give them effective operation under the constitution, according to the intention with which they' are passed. It would be a palpable a construction in violation of judicial duty and propriety to seek in a conflict with the constitution, or with the object of its enactment; or to admit such a construction when the statute is fairly susceptible of another in accord with the constitution and the legislative intention."
Recurring again to the particular constitutional provision in queH. tion, it is clear that the framers. of the Wisconsin constitution imposed upon the legislature the duty of restricting the powers of municipal organizations in the matters of taxation, assessment, borrowing money, contracting debts, and loaning their credit. The determination, however, of what were abuses, what restrictions were required in particular cases, and the exact mode in which those restrictions should be imposed, were (and perhaps wisely) left to legislative discretion. That discretion was left untrammelled by the constitution, except that the legislature was enjoined to restrict the powers of municipalities" so as to prevent abuses in assessments and taxation, and in contracting. debts." Whether a particular restriction would prevent sueh abuses to the fullest extent demanded by considerations of public policy, or by the spirit of the const.itution, might often bewme a very embarrassing question, especially to a tribunal, '\xcept in extraordinary cases like that of Foster v. Kenosha, where, ;n the judgment of the state court, the disregard by the legislature of its constitutional duty was so palpable and flagrant as to leave the coud no alternative but to say that in the particular statute there involved the constitution had been violated. No 'such state of case is here presented. If the legislature, upon looking over the whole ground, reached the conclusion that, so far as municipal subscriptions in aid of the construction of this particular road were concerned, it was a sufficient restriction to permit a popular vote only upon a written proposition by the company, stating the amount, terms, and conditions of the subscription desired by it, and to authorize the local authorities to make only such subscriptions as were thus previously submitted to and approved by the voters, I do not see upon what sound pr·inciple the judiciary could interfere, and declare that the legislative discretion had been abused. We must assume that the constitutional injunction to so restrict municipal powers as to prevent abuses in assessments, taxation, and contracting debts was in the mind of the legislature, and that, in its judgment, fairly exerthe restrictions necessary in that cised, the act of 1871 contained case to prevent such abuses. The legislature may havcb2en mis-
all
IRON SILVER MINING CO.
V.
CHEESMAN.
297
tal,en, and subsequent developments may have diaclosed the want of wisdom in its action; but, in the long run, it is safer to leave thepeopIe at the polls to remedy hasty or vicious legislation, not plainlY unconstitutional, than for the judiciary to interfere, and, .in, so doing, usurp power whicb, properly belongs to another departD),8:ut <>f the government. Upon the whole case, I am of opinion that the law is for the plaintiff, and a judgment in his behalf will be entered. . . ,"'. · The district judge participated in the hearing of. this case, concurs in the views I he. veexpressed. He has here'tofora ared the same questions, and reached substantially the' samecQnclusions, in the.. caSe 'of Long v. New London. 5: 559.' In the views there: e'!presaed by hitiJ:the circuit judge. it ,will· be.&eeD:. concurred. ' As 'the 'questions have been argued before me with the expectation that they would be re-examined. I have deem,ed it proper to state fully the grounds upon which my conclusions rest.
IRON SILVER MINING Co. 1. MINING CLAIM-VEIN OR LoDE.
CHEESMAN and others.
.r';
(Ozrcuit Oourt, D; Oolorado. May 27, 1881.) The claimant of a mining claim, upon location properly made, is entitled to the vein upon which the claim.has been located, and all other veins and lodes having their top or apex within the territory included by the lines of the location. 2. SAME-SAW.
Where such veins or lodes are in place, the claimant Is entitled to the sanie not only within the lines of the location, but as far as they may pass beyond those lines in their descent into the earth. S. SAME-SAME.
Such vein or lode is a body of mineral or boundaries in the general mass of the mountain. 4. BAllE-SAME.
bearing rock within defined
Such vein or lode is in place if the ore body is continuous to the extent that it may maintain that character whether 1eposlted in that, form or removed bodily with its enclosing rocks to the place in which it may be found.-[ED:·
In 1874 A. B Wood located the Lime lode and mining claim, uated in Lake county. The location was made upon a body of miperalized limestone, not upon a lode or: vein, as defined by the statute. In 1877, uponprocee.dings had, a patent was issued for the claiw. to its owners. In the fall of 1877 George Nyce and others locateqwhat was called the Smuggler claim and lode, It was situated to the. ,east