¶1delivered the opinion of the court.
¶2We shall, in the first place, consider whether Stowell, by causing the goods to be seized and sold by virtue of his execution, must not be considered as having renounced the mortgage assigned to him by Iddo Kimball, so that he cannot now avail himself of it at all as an answer to this action r
¶3There is very little in the books on the subject of morí-*293gages of personal property; and what there is, is so intermixed with the law of property pledged, that it is necessary to see in what circumstances mortgages and pledges agree, and in what they differ.
¶4When property is pledged, the title of the pledger does not pass. The pledgee acquires only a special property,— a right to the possession until the purpose of the pledge is answered. And possession is essential to the validity of a pledge. Stony on Bailment 196.
¶5In these particulars a mortgage of chattels differs. . The mortgage passes the title unconditionally, and ■ possession is not essential to its validity. Story on Bailment 196.
¶6When property is pledged, if the pledge be for an indefinite period, the pawnee has a right upon request to a prompt fulfilment of the engagement; and if the pawner neglects or refuses to comply, the pawnee may, upon demand and notice, require the pawn to be sold. Story's Bailment 207. He may file a bill in equity against the pawner for a foreclosure and sale, or he may proceed to sell, ex mero motu, upon giving due notice to the pledger. Story on Bailment 208; 2 John. C. R. 100; 2 Kent's Com. 582; 1 Holt's N. P. C. 383, Pothonier vs. Dawson.
¶7And the law is the same, when goods are mortgaged, if no time of redemption is fixed by the agreement of parties. 1 P. Williams 261, Tucker vs. Wilson; 8 John. 96, Brown vs. Bement; 5 do. 260.
¶8In the case now under consideration there was no time fixed within which the debt due to S to well was to be paid by the mortgager, and Iddo Kimball to be indemnified. And it does not appear that any thing had occurred to vest the property absolutely in the mortgagee.
¶9If Stowell intended to avail himself of the mortgage at all, he should have taken the proper course to entitle .him to sell the goods, by giving notice to the mortgager, and requesting him to redeem by paying the note. If the mortgager had not, upon such notice, paid the note in a reasonable *294time, it seems that the goods might have been sold, and the proceeds applied in satisfaction of the note.
¶10But Stowell, by causing the goods to be sold by virtue of his execution, must now be considered as having waived all claims under the mortgage. It would be grossly unjust to let him set up the mortgage, after he has voluntarily caused the goods to be sold, and put it out of his power to restore them upon performance of the condition of the mortgage by this plaintiff. The wrong to the plaintiff is the same that it would have been had Stowell taken the goods without an execution, and sold them, giving the plaintiff no opportunity to redeem.
¶11We are, therefore, of opinion that the mortgage to Iddo Kimball is no answer to this action.
¶12The next question is, What amount of damages is the plaintiff entitled to recover ? Is he to recover the value of the goods, or the value of his right to redeem the goods ?
¶13The cáse of Cortelyou vs. Lansing, 2 Caine's Cases in Error 200, was thus : One Antill deposited with Cortelyou a depreciation note, as a pledge to secure the payment of six hundred dollars and interest, loaned in 1783, by Cortelyou to Antill. On the 1st January, 1785, Cortelyou received of Antill $125, and on the 9th October, 1788, he sold the depreciation note for $625, which was $39 62 less than what was due to him from Antill. Lansing was administrator of the estate of Antill, and brought assumpsit to recover the amount received by Cortelyou for the depreciation note. Kent, J., was of opinion that Cortelyou had no right to dispose of the pledge in the manner he had done, and that the plaintiff was entitled to recover the value of the note. That, however, was only the opinion of a single judge, drawn up but never delivered; for the cause was never decided. 5 Johns. R. 260. And even admitting that the rule laid down in that opinion was correct when applied to an action of assumpsit, as that was, it by no means follows that in this action of trespass the plaintiff is entitled to damages beyond the value of his right to redeem.
¶14*295Garlick vs. James, 12 John. 146. was an action on the case. The facts were these; The defendant received a note from the plaintiff against a third person, for $600, as a pledge to secure the payment of ,f300. And although the whole amount of the note thus received might have been collected, the defendant gave it up to the maker for $300, without consulting the plaintiff. It was held that the plaintiff was entitled to recover the amount of the note, after deducting the debt for which it had been pledged.
¶15In an action of trover for a note, it appeared that the plaintiff had lodged the note with the defendant as a pledge to secure the payment of $200. On a tender of the $200 by the plaintiff, the defendant refused to give up the note. It was held that the plaintiff was entitled to recover the amount of the note, after deducting the $200. 10 Johns. 471, McLean vs. Walker.
¶16In the case now before us, the plaintiff has never had possession of the goods, and can be held to account with the mortgager only for the amount he may recover in this case. The only loss he has sustained through the injurious acts of the defendants, is the loss of the privilege of redeeming the goods. And we are of opinion that the value of that privilege is the measure of the damages to which the plaintiff is entitled.