State v. Pfleiderer’s Empirical Analysis

Citation profile

22 state decisions

Most-quoted passages

The sentences later courts lift from this opinion, ranked by how many decisions quote each — the parts of the opinion doing the work. These counts are smaller than the citation total above because most of the 22 citing decisions cite the case generally; a passage count includes only decisions quoting that exact language verbatim.

1. “Even if no formal arrest is made, a de facto arrest occurs when the officers’ conduct is more intrusive than necessary for an investigative stop. In deciding whether this standard is met, we look at whether the police used the least intrusive means of detention reasonably nee-éssary to achieve their investigative purpose. The factors to be considered in determining whether police conduct constitutes a de facto arrest include the duration of the stop, whether the suspect was handcuffed or confined in a police car, whether the suspect was transported or isolated, and the degree of fear, and humiliation that the police conduct engenders. If. an arrest is made, either expressly or defacto, it must be based on probable cause. Without probable cause, an arrest is illegal. Probable cause exists when the arresting officer is aware of facts and circumstances that are reasonably trustworthy and would lead a person of reasonable caution to believe an offense had been committed. If the government does not argue that the officers had' probable cause[,] if we find an, arrest, we must find error in the failure to suppress [evidence] as the fruit of the illegal seizure.”

   1 later decision quote this exact passage
   e.g. State of Missouri v. Jason R. Shell

2. “'Where a trial court has granted a defendant's motion to suppress, 'we review the trial court's decision on appeal under an abuse of discretion standard. Only if the trial court's judgment is clearly erroneous will an appellate court reverse.''”

   1 later decision quote this exact passage
   e.g. State of Missouri v. Kathryn Avent