8 Va. App. 86 - Caldwell v. Commonwealth’s Empirical Analysis

Citation profile

12 state decisions

Most-quoted passages

The sentences later courts lift from this opinion, ranked by how many decisions quote each — the parts of the opinion doing the work. These counts are smaller than the citation total above because most of the 12 citing decisions cite the case generally; a passage count includes only decisions quoting that exact language verbatim.

1. “Any person who refuses to testify or produce books, papers, correspondence, memoranda or other records, shall be guilty of a Class 2 misdemeanor.”

   4 later decisions quote this exact passage
   e.g. 51 Va. App. 535 - Murphy v. Commonwealth · 18 Va. App. 37 - Tharpe v. Commonwealth

2. “`use' immunity, which applies to all crimes, and stems from the clause, `shall be in no case used against him.' The second type [of immunity provided by the statute] is immunity from prosecution, or so called `transactional' immunity, which applies only to `the offense as to which he testifies.'”

   2 later decisions quote this exact passage
   e.g. 51 Va. App. 535 - Murphy v. Commonwealth · 29 Va. App. 433 - Newton v. Commonwealth

3. “The word `offense' as used in this context does not refer to any offense to which he may have at any time testified. It refers only to the offense or offenses for which he was compelled to testify under the terms of the statute.”

   1 later decision quote this exact passage
   e.g. 51 Va. App. 535 - Murphy v. Commonwealth