JOUROLMON V. EWING.
609
rule there are .also exceptions, though they are few in number, and rest upon very special reasons.. Thus, a court of equity, in spits for the specific performance of contracts, will sometim.es grant such reo lief only upon condition of an abatement of interest, where the peculiar facts are such as to make it equitable that that should be done. The relief is in the discretion of the court, and it may attach such a condition to granting it as, upon grounds broader than strict law, the equitable facts indicate as just. Another exception is one recog· nized by the supreme court of the United States in Brown v. Hiatts, 15 Wall. 177, where it was held, in a suit brought by a citizen of one of the Confederate states against a citizen of a loyal state, that interest on a loan, although stipulated in the contract, which matured after the commencement of the war, ceased to run during the subsequent continuance of the war; this upon the ground that by the laws of war the payment of the principal debt was interdicted, and the legal duty of the defendant was therefore to withhold the debt, instead of paying it. The present case comes under the last of the general rules above stated, and is not within any recognized excep- . tion to it. The East Tennessee Land Company expressly agreed, not only to pay the principal of its notes, but also to pay the interest thereon from the date of the original contract, November 8, 1889. The court has no more right to disregard this agreement upon. the SUbject of interest than it would have to abate a part of the principal debt if the facts had been proven which showed that the price paid foJ.! the land was improvident. In the case of Koshkonong v. Burton, 104 U. S. 668, a suit was brought in the circuit court of the Unit.ed .States in Wisconsin to recover the amount due on certain bonds, with interest coupons attached, issued by the defendant township, a municipal corporation of that state. At the time when the bonds were issued the law of Wisconsin was such that the holder was entitled to recover interest upon the respective cOupons from the date of their maturity. Afterwards the legislature of the state passed a statute which provided that: "In the computation of Interest upon any bond, note, or other Instrument or agreement, Interest shall not be compounded, nor shall Interest thereon be construed to bear Interest, unless an agreement to that effect Is clearly expressed in writing." Gen. Laws 1868, pp. 62, 68.
And it was objected by the township that therefore interest could not be recovered upon the coupons; but it was held by the court that, in view of the then existing law, the agreement, when made, became a fixed stipulation, and part of the contract, and that the statute was invalid in so far as it impaired the binding effect of the agreement in respect of the interest, and directed judgment to be entered upon the. basis of the law existing at the date of the issue of the bonds. We therefore conclude that the court erred in respect of the rule which it applied, and that this being a suit upon a contract, the validity of which was not questioned, and it not being claimed that' the contract in any 'wise misrepresents the agreement of the parties, the court had no alternative but to give it effect according to its terms. The stipulation found at the end of the notes, that "land adversely owned, or in litigation, or in adverse possession, shall not
610
80 FEDERAL REPORTER.
be paid for such adverse claims be removed of record," in no wise changes the construction properly to be given to the contract in respect to the payment of interest. It simply postponed the payment of principal and interest alike until the condition should hap" peu, and did not affect the amount which should ultimately be paid. It appears that possession of the lands described in the deed of the Tennessee Coal, Lumber & Tan·Bark Company was immediately delivered to the East Tennessee Land Company, the grantee therein, and that the latter company thereafter had undisturbed possession ther·eof. It is manifest upon the agreement of the parties that the perfecting of the title to some of the lands was to take place afterwards. The parties knew all this, and made their agreement about interest with reference to it. So far as we can see, nothing has happened which the parties did not contemplate, and the grantee in the deed has got what it contracted for, and according to the expected method. The doctrine is well established that where the grautee has been put in possession of land conveyed with covenants of warranty, and has not been ousted or otherwise disturbed in his possession, he cannot refuse payment of the purchase price according to his agreement by showing that some third person had title adverse to his grantor, even though he did not know of such adverse claim at the time he took his deed, if no fraud was practiced on him. Mr. Justice Nelson, in delivering the judgment of the supreme court in Patton v. Taylor, 7 How. 133, 159, stated the law to be: "That a purchaser, In the undisturbed possession of the land, will not be relieved against the payment of the purchase money on the mere ground of l1efect of title, there being no fraud or misrepresentation, and that In such a case he must seek his remedy at law on the covenants In his deed."
And this is the settled rule of law in Tennessee, the state where the land is, and whose laws control the conveyance of it; the rule in that state being that: "When the purchaser of land has taken a deed with covenants of general warmnty, under which he has been let into possession, he cannot, in the absence of fraud, before eviction, on the ground merely of defect of title In the vendor, claim In equity to have the contract rescinded, or to resist the payment of, or have refunded, the purchase money. He must In such case be left to his remedy at law on the covenants of warranty In his deed." Barnett v. Olark, 5 Sneed, 435; Merriman v. Norman, 9 Helsk. 269; Cohen v. Woollard, 2 Tenn. Oh. 686; White v. Ewing, 37 U. S. App. 865, 368, 16 C. C. A. 296, and 69 Fed. 451.
Much less could he disavow his obligation if he knew at the time of taking his deed of such adverse claim, and the deed was in ffl,ct made upon the understanding between the grantor and the grantee that the grantor was to buy in the outstanding claim or title, which, when acquired, would inure to the grantee under the covenants of his deed. From these considerations it follows that the decree of' the circuit court must be reversed D.nd the cause remanded, with directions to enter a decree for the amount of the balance found to be due upon the three notes, of $31,000, $41,000, and $41,000, respectively, with interest to be computed from the 8th day of November, 1889.
WESTERLY WATERVYORKS CO. V. TOWN OF WESTERLY.
611
WESTERLY WA.TERWORKS 00. v. TOWN OF WESTERLY. SEAMEN'S FRIEND SOO. v. SA.ME. (OIrcuit Oourt, D. Rhode Island. Aprll 25, 1897.)
L
MUNICIPAL OORPORATIONS-ToWN COUNCILS.
a
Towns and the town councils thereof, in Rhode Island, are distinct bodies, with distinct powers. Under section 32, c. 425, Pub. Laws R. I., proViding that the town councll of any town may grant the right to lay water pipes in the highways, and may consent to the erection and maintenance of reservoirs upon such terms as they may deem proper, including the power to exempt the works from taxation, a town council has no power to grant an exclusive right to con· struct waterworks in the town. Nor does a town council, by giving to a company the use of the highways so long as the inhallitants shall be reasonably supplied with water, and exempting it from taxation Cor 25 years, and exacting an obligation to supply water to the town and to sell its works to the town, exclude the town from the right to construct waterworks of its own. Whether a town, under section 1, c. 285, Pub. Laws R. I., has power to grant an exclusive franchise to construct waterworks, or to preclude itself by contract from competing with a company holding the right to construct such works, qurere. When a town council has granted to a company a right to lay water pipes in the town upon certain conditions, the facts that subsequently, for several years, while the company is erecting its plant and conducting its business, the town takes no action relating to it, and that it then, at town meetings, the notices for which contain no mention of a proposed ratification of a contract between the company and the town, passes resolutions looking to the purchase of the waterworks by the town "under the agreement between said town and" the company, do not amount to a ratification on the part of the town of a supposed contract with the company for an .exclusive right on its part or for the abstention of the town from constructing waterworks of its own.
SAXE-GRANT OF WATERWORKS FRANCHISE.
8.
SAXE-ExCLUSIVE RIGHTS-ERECTION OF OOMPETING WORKS BY TOWN.
"
SAME.
15.
SAXE-CONTRACT-ltATlFICATION.
James M. Ripley, W. B. Vincent, and Joseph C. Ely, for Westerly Waterworks Co. William C. Loring and Ralph W. Boyden, for Seamen's Friend Soc. Francis Colwell, Walter H. Barney, and A. B. Crafts, for Town ot Westerly. Before COLT, Circuit Judge, and BROWN, District Judge. BROWN, District Judge. Although these cases are before the court. upon motions to dissolve the temporary injunctions, yet as the merits have been exhaustively argued, and flS counsel for all parties have requested our decision upon the main questions which determine the substantial rights, we accede to such request and decide the motions accordingly. The first inquiry is, has the corporation known as the "Westerly Waterworks" any rights which are impaired or threatened by the vote of the town of Westerly in town meeting, on April 11, 1895, directfng the town council to contract for and construct waterworks for the town? Or, to state the inquiry in another form,
612
'SO !J\EDERAL REPORTER.
does tpwn's action impair any obligation of contract to the benefit whereof said waterworks company is entitled? The company bases its chrim of right to preclude the town from constructing waterworks-First, upon a vote of the town council dated June 29, 1885; second, upon acts of the town which are claimed to have the effect of an adoption and ratification of the act of the town council. In determining what rights were derived from the town council, we have first to find what rights the town council had power to bestow. The authority of the town council is purely statutory, and the effectiveness of its grants and contracts is to be measured by its powers. Whatever may. be the language which the members of the town council employ in their votes, however liberal may be their expressions in conferring rights and privileges, only such language can influence our decision as conforms to powers conferred by law. The sole powers possessed by the town council, under which the company can derive the right which it claims, are set forth in Pub. Laws R. r.' c. 425:
"sec. 32. The town council of any town, or the city council of any city, may grant to any person or corporation the right to lay water pipes in any of the pubHc highways' of such town or city for the supplying the Inhabitants of such town or city with water, and may consent to the erection, construction, and the right to maintain a reservoir or reservoirs within said town or city, for such time and upon such terms and conditions as they may deem proper, including therein the power and authority to exempt such pipes and reservoirs, and the lands and works connected therewith, from taxation."
The meaning of this law has been expounded by the supreme court of the state of Rhode Island in the case of Smith v. Town of Westerly 19 R. I. 33, 35 Atl. 526; and although this decision may not be abso lutely binding upon this court, since the rights of the company accrued prior to the decision, and since it was upon a controversy be tween different parties, and because it is not a final decision, being only on demurrer, yet as the latest utterance of that learned court, and as a thorough discussion and learned exposition of principles sup porting the ,conclusion of the court, we regard it as of the greatest weight, as did the district judge sitting in this court. See Westerly Waterworks v. Town of Westerly, 75 Fed. 181. Upon the reasoning of the state decision, and the authorities therein cited, as well as upon our independent investigation, we arrive at the same conclusion as was reached by that court, and, following the prior view of this court, find that under chapter 425 the town council had no power to grant to the Westerly Waterworks exclusive rights. As in the arguments l¥ld briefs there has been a somewhat indiscriminate use of the terms "town" and "town council," and as certain propositions have been enunciated concerning the town which are true only of the town council, and concerning the town council which are true only of the town, it will clear the further discussion of the case to point out that the town and town council are distinct bodies with distinct powers. The reasons for distinguishing between acts of the town and of the town council are substantial, and the differbetween the two bodies are not .nominal, nor are arguments based upon such differences fairly subject to the criticism that they involve only technical matters of mere form. On the contrary, they
WESTERLY WAT:fuRWORKS CO.
V.
TOWN OF WESTERLY.
613
involve important questions of public right. As is said by Mr. Dillon in his book upon Municipal Corporations (4th Ed. § 28): "In the N.ew England tOlVn proper C,itlzens administer the general affairs In person at the stated corporate town meetings, and through officers elected by themselves. * * * The New England town is especially interesting as affording, perhaps, an example of as pure a democracy as anywhere exists. All of the qualified inhabitaI\t;s meet and act directly upon and manage, or direct the management of, their own local concerns. Each citizen has a vote and an equal voice: This form of government was adopted at a very early period, and is firmly adhered to and deeply cherished by the people of the New England states. · · *"
The principle of direct participation by the inhabitants, in matters involving important expenditures of money and public improvements, has been constantly recognized in the state of Rhode Island. In the language of the statutes (Gen. Laws, c. 36, § 1): "The inhabitants of every to;wn shall continue to be a body corporate," etc. In the case of. Smartv. Town of Johnston, 17 R. I. 778, 24 Atl. 830, it was said of the powers of town councils in establishing highways, what might also have been said in relation to the granting of the privilege of laying water pipes in the highways, and of constructing and maintaining reservoirs: "Town councils are not the agents nor the servants of the various towns which they represent, ·in the ordinary and legal meaning of that term, in the laying out of highways, but they are public officials forming an important part of the government, and clothed with certain well-defined powers, and 0harged with certain well-defined duties, by the statute law of the state."
The power conferred by chapter 425, Pub. Laws R. I., using the language of the court in the above case, "is conferred exclusively upon the town council, and over their action in the matter the town has no control, and cannot be held responsible, at any rate, for their unauthorized acts." To permit the town council, without previous authority, to act for the town in matters vested only in the town, is to deprive the town inhabitants of their right as corporators to regulate the affairs of the town in the corporate meeting. By electing persons as members of a town council, the inhabitants express their views of their qualifications to act in matters limited by 'statute. The scope of their duties is important in determining the qualifications of candidates for' election. To permit persons chosen for certain duties to bind the town in matters not contemplated by the inhabitants as within the powers of the officers is in principle and practice dangerous. The rights of the public, the rights cif the town, are to be scrupulously regarded; and, tho.ugh franchises to corporations are to be carefully protected, the source of such privileges must be traced either to the direct act of the legislature, or to the authorized act of the agent acting clearly within the powers delegated by the legislature in express terms. Grants of exclusive rights' such as the town council attempted to confer must rest upon the clearest language and upon the most definite authority, and persons dealing with public servants are strictly and justly held to the obligation to inform themselves as to the rights which they may acquire in so doing. All persons contracting with a municipal corporation must at their peril inquire into
614
the power of the corporation or of its officers to make the contract. Dill. Mun. Corp. (4th Ed.) § 447; Farnsworth v. Pawtucket, 13 R. I. 85-88. This rule is for the public protection, and there can be no case wherein it should be more strictly applied than one involving the grant of an exclusive franchise. Employing the language of the argument of the learned counsel for the Seamen's Friend Society: "The reason why a municipal body cannot make a valid grant of an exclusive franchise of that kind is because It ties the hands of the public in making internal Improvements when that time arrives when, in the discretion of the public, an internal improvement should be made,-because it ties the hands of the public in its legislative powers."
So far as the acts of the town council are concerned, therefore, we can attach no force to the contention of the complainants that they have been misled, and have made a large investment upon the faith of the acts of the town, and that it is unjust and inequitable, and in the eye of the law a hardship, that they should be deprived of their supposed exclusive rights. It is neither unjust nor inequitable that their rights should be determined by legal principles established in favor of the public.· As it is assumed in the opinion of the learned district judge granting the temporary injunctions that a valid contract exists; even if an exclusive right has not been granted; as this is assumed by counsel for the waterworks and for the Seamen's Friend Society; and as the origin and exact nature of that contract are somewhat obscure, after the concession that exclusive rights were not conferred upon the com· pany,-it becomes necessary to dwell upon this point. Our primary inquiry is rather as to what rights the company has than as to whether they arise from a "contract," using the term in the sense of an agreement between competent parties, or from the so-called "contract" arising between the legislature and the company from the direct or indirect grant of a franchise. We therefore ask what rights accrued to the company, and what obligations were imposed upon the town, either by contract or by grant, immediately upon the passage by the town council of the vote of June 29, 1885, and the acceptance by the company of the conditions of this grant, and before any act of the town in its corporate capacity? The company acquired a right to the use of the highways and public grounds to be enjoyed as long as the inhabitants shall be reasonably supplied with water by the company, and a right to exemption from taxation for 25 years. It incurred an obligation to supply water to the town and to the inhabitants, and an obligation to sell its waterworks to the town. The obligations were imposed upon the town to permit the use of the streets and to exempt the company from taxation. The town also acquired a right to buy the property of the company, and to insist upon the furnishing of a proper water 8upply. The suggestion that because the town council imposed a duty upon the company to supply water, as a condition of the privilege of laying its pipes, etc., it also imposed a duty upon the town to take water only from the company, is not supported by an examination of the language of the resolution, and the force of such a suggestion is destroyed by our finding that the council
WESTERLY WATERWORKS CO. V. TOWN OF WESTERLY.
615
could not confer exclusive rights. These rights of the company were subject to whatever oompetition might be authorized by the state, town council, or town, including the competition of the town itself, and it should be carefully observed that the rights of the town were lawfully acquired, not through its own act, but through the act of the town council as agent of the legislature and not as agent of the town. It is manifest that upon the state of rights and obligations then existing there was rio legal obstacle to prevent the town from instituting waterworks of its own. The company was under the obligation to sell its works to the town; but, as was conceded upon' the brief of the Seamen's Friend Society, and as m:ust be decided upon an examination of the resolution, Umited by the force of law from a grant of exclusive rights to a grant of rights not exclusive, the town · was under no obligation to purchase the works of the company. It merely had an option to do so. The town was free to refuse to buy and free to compete, although its competition might be disastrous to the company. Although the company is bound to furnish water for the town hall and drinking fountains, the town, under any view, whether the grant was exclusive or not, is not bound to receive it. The town is under no obligation to pay for it, and therefore does no wrong to the com· pany in supplying itself with water for these purposes, since it rather relieves the company of a burden than deprives it of a right. The inhabitants of the town are free to use the company's water or not. The public is entitled to the full benefit of competition. It may take its water from any other source or from any other company, or supply itself by its own works. It should be borne in mind that we are still discussing the question as to the rights derived from the town council. From our prior conclusion that the council could not confer exclusive rights, it of course follows that it could not exclude the inhabitants of the town or the town itself. It does not obviate the objection to the exclusiveness of the grant to show simply that the company cannot lawfully exclude every person or corporation while conceding that the town is excluded. The full force of our finding that the town council bas no power to make an exclusive grant must be accepted, and tbis finding means that the town council can exclude no person or corpora· tion upon whom the legislature, or the present or future town council as agent ofthe legislature, may confer like rights. Nor can the town council by its grant or contract exclude the town from exercising its rights. In favor of wbom exists the principle that towns or town councils, unless expressly authorized by the legislature, cannot con· fer exclusive privileges? In favor of the public, in favor of tbe inhabitants of tbe town; and the cbief beneficiary of the legal rule cannot be held to be excepted from it without rendering the rule an abo surdity in terms and in substance. Failing to find in the act of the council, unaccompanied by any acts of the town in its corporate capacity, a sufficient basis for the injunctions, and finding that up to this point the complainants' case is without substantial we approach the second branch of the case. Our second inquiry is, bas the town itself conferred upon the company a right to exclude the town from competition? This in-
616.
REPORTER.
quiry prel'ents two impQrtant questions: First. Has the town the power' to exclude itself? Second. If it has such power, has the been exercised? 285 of the Public Laws of Rhode Island is the only statin our opip.ion, is entitled to serious consideration upon ute the of the power of the town. Ohapter 975, .passed May 29, 1891, 5 years and months after the resolution of June 29, 1885, 'WM not in the. contemplation of the parties, and there was at no time an acceptance by the company of rights or franchises . under that statute, or a submission to the conditions thereof. The learned district judge also adopted this view Qf the statute. Though we have. considered this statute carefully, we caIl it up at this point merely to dismiss it as having no weight. The material por: tions of chapter 285 are as follows: "Section 1. ,Whenever the electors of any town, qualified to vote upon questions of taxation or involving. the expenditure of money, shall have voted, at a town meeting called for that purpose, to provide a water supply for the .Inhabitants ot such town, or for some part thereof; or whenever any town shall enter or shall have entered Into any contract with any person or corporation to fumlsh such town with such a water supply (a contract which towns are hereby authorized to make) then such town, or the person or corporation bound to fulfill sucll cOntJ:act, as the case may be, may take, condemn, hold, use and permanently approptlate any land, water, rights o.f water and of way necessary' and proper to be used In furnishing or enlarging any such water supply, inclUding sites and materials for dams, reservoirs, pumping statioLS, lind for coal· houses, with right of way thereto, and right of way for water pipes along and across public highways and through private lands, and includ· Ing also lands covered or to be flowed by water, or to be In any other way used In furnishing, enlarging· or maintaining any such water supply. And It any change in any highway shall be required for the accommodation of such water supply, then such town, person or corporation may alter the grade ot ,such highway or construct a bridge therein, under direction of the town coun· cil of the town where such change is made, and as far as may be needful, first giving bond with surety satisfactory to a justice of the supreme court, Ii requested, conditioned to reimburse such town for every expense and damage occasioned by s1l:ch change of grade or other change in such highway."
An important difference exists between this statute (chapter 285) and chapter 425, previously considered. The town is authorized by this statute to contract with any person or corporation for a water supply"for the inhabitants of such town, or for some part thereof." This is obviously a different power from that of the town council, under chapter 42'5, to grant permission to lay pipes and to vend water subject to indefinite competition. There is a serious question whether the prohibition of exclusive grants does not attach to this statute as well as to chapter 425. In reference to the decision of the supreme court of Rhode Island in Smith v. Town of Westerly, 19 R. 1. 33, 35 Atl. 526, the learned district judge in his .decision in this court says: "The complainants here argue that Pub. Laws, c. 285, authorize 'any con· tract,' and therefore cover a contract for an exclusive franchise; that the grant Is authorized by chapter 425, and that the acts of the town council, subsequent to the passage of chapter 975, amount to a ratificatIon ot the contract; and that, if a grant is ratified, it must be held to be ratified as an entirety. I cannot agree with this argument. It is true that it does not explicitly appear in the decision of the s:upreme court that the force and effect of chapter 285 in
WESTERLY WATERWORKS CO. V. ·TOWN OF WESTERI,Y.
617
this regard was there decided; but the court do say. in terms, 'that the only authority to make said contract [i. e. the contract for an exclusive l'ightl on the part of the town council is conferred by Pub. Laws, c. '425.' It is to be observed, also, that there Is strong authority for the proposition, that general powers such as are here granted do not include the power to grant exclusive rights."
Although such doubt exists, we think is g,reat force and weight of reason in the contention of the plaintiffs that chapter 285 does confer upon the town the power to make a binding agreement with the company for a full supply of water for the town and its inhabitants, and, as a part of such contract, to give to the company, as reasonable security for compensation for its original outlay, an agreement that the town will not, during the period of 25 years, compete with the company so long as it furnishes a proper and adequate supply of w$1ter of a suitable quality, where such an agreement is accompanied by an agreement upon the part 00' the company that it will sell to the town its property at a fair price, to be fixed by arbitrathm. The reasonableness of such a contract might, however, be questioned if the town were called upon to pay a sum to compensate the company for a loss of an exclusive franchise in addition to the value of its works. To bind the town to pay the company the value of an exclusive franchise might be said to amount to conferring an exclusive franchise. By retaining the right to recall the powers granted to the compruny upon repayment to it of the amount of its investment, the objection that the hands of the public are tied, and that its discretionary as to making further improvements are impaired, is obviated,at least to a great extent. The contract, then, cannot, in strictness, be called an exclusive contract, since the exclusiveness is only upon a reasonable condition. We think, therefore, that a sound distinction can be made between a grant or a contract which absolutely excludes all competition, and one which merely excludes the competition of the town until it shall make due compensation to the company. And there is authority for such a disWalla Wa· tinction in the cases cited for the complainants. W tel' Co. v. City of Walla Walla, 60 Fed. 957; Fergus Falls Co. v. Fergus Falls, 65 Fed. 586; Illinois Trust & SaVings Bank v. City of Arkansas City, 22 C. C. A. 171, 76 Fed. 271. It appears, however, upon examination of the case of Walla la Co. v. City of Walla Walla, 60 Fed. 957, that the city in explicit terms ag,reed not to erect, maintain, or become interested in any other waterworks, save under conditions not material to tbis decision, and it is also stated that the city bad bound itself to take over the plant and render just compensation whenever it did elect to furnish water by means of works owned by it. In the present case there is no express agreement that the town will not compete, nor that in case it should elect to compete it will purchase the works. Such agreement must be deduced from conSJtruction, and, in view of the rule that all doubt in the construction must be resolved against the company and in favor of the public, there is great difficulty in inferring such agreement. If the grant of an exclusive franchise is unlawful, the natural course would be to
618
80
FEDERAL REPORTER.
reject the word "exclusive" entirely, whereupon the language would confer merely such rights as might have been granted by the town council, i. e. rights not exclusive. Even then we encounter the doubt suggested by the decision of the supreme court of Rhode Island whether the town had any authority to make such a contract or to confer any privileges in the highways, since such power is vested in the town council, and, by force of the maxim, "Expressio uniua eat exclusio alterius," withheld from the town. If the word "exclusive" be entirely stricken out, the only support for complainants' right to preclude the town is the argument that, because the town agreed that the company might be permitted to supply water, therefore the town agreed to accept it, and not to take it elsewhere or supply itself. But this argument leads to such a conclusion that we must reject it. The company is bound, if bound at all, to supply water, not for 25 years, but to supply it "at all times," and this would lead us to a perpetual c()ntract, and a perpetual contract would not be within the class of contracts which upon any theory the town is authorized to make. It is only by retaining the word "exclusive" that we can find an intention ()f the town to preclude itself from competition; that is to say, upon the theory of the argument of the complainants, the town had no power to grant exclusive rights, and so far as unlawful such language must be rejected, but so far as lawful it may be retained. The contract for exclusive .rights necessarily covers the exclusion of the town. The town had a right to contract not to compete for a reasonable time, and an intention so to contract is a necessary implication, from the use of the word "exclusive." In other words, we must reject the word "exclusive" as a word of grant, and retain it as a word of contract, but limiting its application to the town, though it was used as applicable to the town and to all others. Then from the fact that the town, according to this construction, has agreed not to compete, we infer an agreement imposing upon it the obligation to buy the company's works if it does compete. Admitting the existence of a contract, we have grave doubts whether complainants can support their claims by the terms of that contract or by any fair or reasonable construction of its language. Without, however, deciding the proper construction to be placed -on the contract when the exact limits of the legal powers of the town under chapter 285 are determined, and without finally deciding the question of power in the town to agree to preclude itself from competition, we will for our present purposes assume the -existence of such power as a necessary basis for Uln examination of the question: Has the power in fact been exercised by the town itself? Has the town adopted or ratified the action of the council by corporate action in town meeting or otherwise, or by acquiescence? As we have previously, said, the claim of the complainant company that upon the faith of the town's action it has made a large investment cannot be substantiated by the admitted facts of the case. The investment was made upon the faith of the action of the town council, and we cannot, without a violation of im-
619
portant legal principles, and without establishing a dangerous preeedent, overlook this fundamental distinction. ·When we are dealing with questions of franchises or contracts wholly or partly exclusive of public rights, we must adhere to the requirement of clear and express legislative authority. To base such exclusive rights upon a grant or contract of a body without authority, and then to ratify or confirm such gorant or contract by the mere silence of the public, or by uncertain and ambiguous expressions, or by acts which may be interpreted either as acquiescence or as mere sufferance, is to establish a new source of grants in derogation of public right. If the written laws promulgated by the legislature, and expressed in definite terms, are to be construed strictly in favor of the public; if, to use the language of Mr. Justice Brewer in Jackson Co. ROl'se R. Co. v. Interstate Rapid-Transit Ry. Co., 24 Fed. 306, "doubts as to what is granted are resolved in favor of the grantor, or, as often epigrammatically said, a doubt destroys a grant,"-then it must also be true that the same principles are to be applied when we come to interpret the significance of the words, of the acts, and even of the mere silence, of the town. But, foregoing for the moment the strict application of these principles, let us consider the conduct of the town, and interpret it as we would interpret an act of ordinary business life. 'l1here is, first, silence for more than five years. So far as appears of record, from June 29, 1885, to December 1, 1890, no action was taken by a town meeting based upon the existence of said contract, and not until June 21 1891, did the town vote to take action relative to the purchase of the plant. There was no action by the water company or by the town which developed a controversy as to whether 0,1' not the company had an exclusive right, or aright exclusive to the extent of precluding the town. The company ceeded in the exercise of its undoubted and undisputed rights to erect its plant, which was. completed in November, 1886. If by silence the town recognized anything, it was the mere right of the complainant waterworks company to do what it was doing, and that it was proceeding under a privilege confer.red upon it by the town council under direct legislative authority, over which the town had no control. Smart v. Town of Johnston, 17 R. L 778, 24 Atl. 830, ubi supra. Nor is there in the use of water by the town for its town hall and drinking fountains any satisfactory or unambiguous evidence of the town's intent to adopt or make a contract under chapter 285. The furnishing of a certain quantity of water for public use was required by the town council as a condition of the grant of the use of the public highways, etc., and, by accepting the benefit of a reasonable condition imposed under chapter 425, the town cannot be said to have acted under chapter 285. The silence of the town, therefore, cannot be held to amount to an adoption or ratification of the act of the town council. We must look, therefore, to the votes of the town. The drst vote, passed June 2, 1891, is as follows:
620.
80 FEDERAL REPORTER. , _. 'J';-',
"Resolved, that the town councIl be, and they are hereby, instructed- to notify the Westerly Waterworks (Jompany In writing that the town desires to purchase the property of the. Westerly WaterwQlrks Company, and they are further InstruCJted to take all necessary action In accordance with the pl'ovisions of the franchise of the said Westerly Waterworks Company, to ascertain at what price the Wes1terly Waterworks can be purchased."
The se(lond vote, passed Apri1ll, 1895, is as follows: that the town council of the town of Westerly be, and It Is hereby, requested tl) agree, if possible, with the Westerly Waterworks, of said town, upon a thIrd referee, under the agreement between said town and said Westerly Waterworks, and, In case no such agreement can be arrived at within thirty days from the date of this meeting, the said town council is hereby directed to contract for and construct waterworks for said town, not to exceed In cost the sum of one .hundred and fifty thousand dollars ($150,000)."
Oounsel for complainants urge that, by claiming the benefit of the so-called contract which the town council made for its benefit, the town adopts the contract as its own. This point was before the supreme court of Rhode Island in the Smith-Westerly suit, and decided adversely to complainants' contention in the following language: "Doubtless this vote may properly be said to have amounted to the recognition of the existence of. the contract in question, in so far, at any rate, as it confers upon the town 1Jhe right to purchase the waterworks which had been constructed by virtue thereof. But, even assuming that it was a recognition of the contract in its entirety, still It does not amount to an adoption or ratifica1lion thereof by the town."
We adopt the view of the supreme court of Rhode Island as to the effect of these resolutions. In fact, there is some degree of force in the claim of counsel for the defendant that the second vote of the town meeting was rather an express denial of the company's .right to prevent the town from building waterworks than an adoption of a previous contract which prohibited it to do so. The presumption is rather that the town recognized the existing state of legal rights of the company than that it conferred upon the company new rights. The votes looking to the purchase of "the waterworks property are said by the counsel for complainants to be a claim of the chief benefit of the contract, and therefore an adoption, of it. But this was a benefit to which it had a .right both by the terms of the company's charter and by the intra vires "lct of the' town council. It was a right which it derived from the legislature directly through the charter of the company, and indirectly through the town council. It existed independently of any action of the town,. The resolution of June 2, 1891, instructs the town council "to take all necessary action in accordance with the provisions of the franchise of said Westerly Waterworks Company to ascertain at what price the Westerly Waterworks can be purchased." The action of April 11, 1895, refers to the agreement petween said town and the company, but looks merely to the fixing of a price. These resolutions are quite as consistent with the deflire to buy off a mere claimant, and to end a dispute, with a recognition of the rights claimed, and the language is altogetber too uncertain in its import and in its reference to amount
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to a concession to the company of important rights which it did not in fact then possess. This attempt to have a price fixed at which the town might buy or not buy, as it chose, is not, in our opinion, equivalent to the adoption or ratification of any contract, and effected no change in the status of the company's rights. We have carefully examined the numerous cases cited by complainant to the point of ratification, and find that each of them involves facts very different from those here presented. The subjects of ratifying a contract, of confirm, ing doubtful rights, of precluding the town from its then existing rights, are in no wise involved in the purposes of the town meet· ings nor in their acts. The waI'J!ing of the town meeting of April 1,lth clearly shows this. The rule applicable to ratification by a town of unauthorized acts is clearly stated in the opinion of Mr. Ju,stice Gray in Town of Bloomfield v. Charter Oak Bank, 121 U: S. 121, 135, 137, 7 Sup. Ot. 865, 872, 873: "Any ratification of an act previously unauthorized must, in order to bind the principal, be with full knowledge of all the material facts. Owings v. Bull, 9 Pet. 607; Bennecke v. Insurance Co., 105 U. S. 855. And no estoppel In pais can be crea;ted, except by conduct which the person setting up the estoppel bas the right to reI, upon, and does in {,act rely and act upon. Burgess v. Seligman, 107 U. S. 20, 2 Sup. Ct. 10; Scovill v. Thayer, 105 U. S. 148: Brant v. Iron Co., 93 U. S. 826." "The vote of those who attend a town meeting· being of no validity against the town or its inhabitants, unless the object. of the vote is set forth in the no1Ji.ce or warning of the meeting, the town can no more ratify an act afterwards than authorize it beforehand, except by vote passed pursuant to a previous notice specifying the object. Without the Indispensable prerequisite of such a notice, those present at a town meeting have no greater power to bind the town indirectly or by e&toppel than theY have to bind it directly by an original vote. Jl,iarsh v. Fulton Co., :1.0 Wall. 676; Daviess Co. v. Dicklnson, 117 U. S. 657, 6 Sup. Qt. 897; Norton v. Shelby CO., 118 U. S. 425, 6 Sup. Ot. 1121; Pratt v. Swanton, 15 Vt. 147: Lander v. School Dlirt., 88 Me. 239: American Tube Works v. Boston Mach. Co., 189 Mass. 5, 29 N.]]}. 63. · · · Upon the whole case there was no proof of original authority, or of subsequent ratification, or estoppel, to bind the defendant town, -none of original authority, for want of any vote passed pursuant to due notice In the warning; none of ratification, for the same reRllOn, as well as because it was not shown that the acts proved were done with intent to ratify the a.ots of the treasurer in iSSUing the notes sued on, or wtth knowledge of all the material facts wttending their issue: none of estoppel, because there was no evidence of any acts of the town, which plaintur had a legal right to rely upon, or did in fact rely upon, in taking these notes." ,
Furthermore, as, in our view, the who>le basis of complainants' case la reduced to these resolutions, and to a doubtful construe· tion of their intent and significance; and as upon this CO'IlstructiQn they seek to establish a contract doubtful in ita terms, and, upo>n their contention, in derogation of public right,-we should feel compelled, even if we were not fully satisfied of the right of the town to construct its works, to solve that doubt in favor of the town by the application of the rule, thoroughly established by decisions of the supreme court of the United States, that doubt must be solved in favor of the public: "By a fam1l1ar rule, every public grant of property, or of privileges or franchises, If ambiguous, is to be COIl6trued agaJnst the grantee and in fa,or of the public, because an intention, on the part of the government, to to
622
private persons, 0'1' to a particular corporation, property or rights in Which the whole public is lIiterested, cannot be presumed, unless unequivocally expressed or necessarily to be impll in the terms of the grant, and because the grant d is supposed to be made at the solicitation of the grantee, and to be drawn up by Wm or by his agents, and therefore the words used are to be treated as those of the grantee; and ,this rule of construction is a wholesome safeguard of the interests of the public against any atrt:empt of the grantee, by the insertion of ambiguous language, to take what could not be obtained in clear and express terms. C'harles HiveI' Bridge v. Warren Bridge, 11 Pet. 420, 544-548; Dubuque & P. R. R. v. Litchfield, 23 How. 66, 88, 89; Slidell v. Grandjean, 111 U. S. 412,437, 438, 4 Sup. Ot. 475." Central Transp. Co. v. Pullman's PalaceCar Co., 139 U. S. 24, 49, 11 Sup. Qt. 478, 484.
But in the present case we think that there are no reasonable grounds for doubt. The company's rights are derived only from the town council, and the company has only such rig;hts as the town council could confer. As we find that the waterworks corporation had no rights which would be impaired by the building of town waterworks" it becomes to decide the point made by the defendant that the vote of the town council passed April 11, 1895, was not a "law," within the meaning of the constitutional inhibition of state laws impairing the obligation of contracts, though we find strong support for the complainants' contention in the authorities cited upon their briefs. To the claim of the complainants that the charter of the company recognizes and validates its exclusive privilege, we are unable, upon examination of the charter, to give any weight. We agree with and adopt the language of the state court in the Smith-Westerly Case upon this point: "An examination of said charter, however, fails to show any ratification or adoption of said contract, or any reference thereto." What have been termed the "equities" of this case have been presented to us by counsel for the complainants, and the hardship to the company and to the stockholders which will result from a denial of their claims has been urged as a matter relevant to a determination of the legal rights. While we may regard with sympathy the failure of enterprises to meet the expectations of their promoters, we cannot permit such sympathy to cause us to depart from rules of law which impose limitations upon the powers of public officials and municipal corporations. Recognizing the limitations imposed upon corporations and individuals by the national and state constitutions, and by the laws which the people enact through their representatives in the national and state legislatures, it is the duty of the federal courts to support the state courts by a full recognition of their right and duty to maintain in their respective jurisdictions the rights of the public against claims in derogation thereof based upon an uncertain and doubtful construction of acts of the legislature or of agents or officers acting under powers dele· gated to them by the legislature. In the case of Hamilton GasLight & Coke Co. v. Hamilton City, 146 U. S. 258, 13 Sup. Ct. 90, it was strongly argued by counsel, as it has been urged in this case, that not competition, but confiscation, was sought (see pages 263, 264), but the court met such suggestions in the following Ian· guage: