United States v. Howard’s Empirical Analysis
80 F.3d 1194 · 1996
Citation profile
51 federal appellate · 4 state decisions
How this case has been cited
Cited by 75 later decisions — most recently March 2026 · most notably United States v. Acosta (1996), United States v. Jarrett (1998)
51 federal appellate · 4 state decisions
Later decisions citing this case, by decade. The current decade is in progress, and our corpus holds fewer opinions from the most recent years, so the latest bars are undercounted — not a real decline.
Relationships
Applies 18 U.S.C. § 2 · 21 U.S.C. § 841 (§ 401 of the Controlled Substances Act)
Relies on Cities of Charlottesville v. Official Committee of Unsecured Creditors of Columbia Gas Transmission Corp. · Harris v. McRae · Trident Associates Ltd. Partnership v. Metropolitan Life Insurance Co. · Shaw v. Barr · United States v. Sepulveda
Most-quoted passages
The sentences later courts lift from this opinion, ranked by how many decisions quote each — the parts of the opinion doing the work. These counts are smaller than the citation total above because most of the 75 citing decisions cite the case generally; a passage count includes only decisions quoting that exact language verbatim.
“part of the same course of conduct or common scheme or plan as the offense of conviction.”
5 later decisions quote this exact passage · from the majority“based on evidence possessing sufficient indicia of reliability and not 'nebulous eyeballing.'”
4 later decisions quote this exact passage · from the majority“the minimum number of times they had purchased crack from [the distributer] and multiplying that figure by what [the probation officer] believed to have been the minimum quantity sold on each occasion”
2 later decisions quote this exact passage · from the majority
How this case has been treated — in progress
Whether each later court followed, distinguished, criticized, or overruled this decision. The treatment classification (task #35) runs highest-cited cases first and lights up here as it reaches this one.