Chang v. Chen’s Empirical Analysis
80 F.3d 1293 · 1996
Citation profile
41 federal appellate · 14 district · 3 state decisions
How this case has been cited
Cited by 146 later decisions — most recently December 2017 · most notably Lee v. City of Los Angeles (2001), Eminence Capital, LLC v. Aspeon, Inc. (2003)
41 federal appellate · 14 district · 3 state decisions
Later decisions citing this case, by decade. The current decade is in progress, and our corpus holds fewer opinions from the most recent years, so the latest bars are undercounted — not a real decline.
Relationships
Relies on United States v. Turkette · Soberon v. United States · Needler v. Valley National Bank of Arizona · Reves v. Ernst & Young · Alexander v. United States
Most-quoted passages
The sentences later courts lift from this opinion, ranked by how many decisions quote each — the parts of the opinion doing the work. These counts are smaller than the citation total above because most of the 146 citing decisions cite the case generally; a passage count includes only decisions quoting that exact language verbatim.
“[a]t a minimum, to be an enterprise, an entity must exhibit 'some sort of structure ... for the making of decisions, whether it be hierarchical or consensual.' The structure should provide 'some mechanism for controlling and directing the affairs of the group on an on-going, rather than an ad hoc, basis.'”
8 later decisions quote this exact passage · from the majority“[D]ismissal without leave to amend is improper unless it is clear, upon de novo review, that the complaint could not be saved by any amendment.”
6 later decisions quote this exact passage · from the majority“any individual, partnership, corporation, association, or other legal entity, and any union or group of individuals associated in fact although not a legal entity.”
4 later decisions quote this exact passage · from the majority
How this case has been treated — in progress
Whether each later court followed, distinguished, criticized, or overruled this decision. The treatment classification (task #35) runs highest-cited cases first and lights up here as it reaches this one.