United States v. Hardnett’s Empirical Analysis
804 F.2d 353 · 1986
Citation profile
78 federal appellate · 2 district · 17 state decisions
How this case has been cited
Cited by 141 later decisions — most recently June 2023 · most notably Bennett v. City of Eastpointe (2005), Baker v. Monroe Township (1995)
78 federal appellate · 2 district · 17 state decisions
Later decisions citing this case, by decade. The current decade is in progress, and our corpus holds fewer opinions from the most recent years, so the latest bars are undercounted — not a real decline.
Relationships
Relies on Terry v. Ohio · Florida v. Royer · Beck v. State of Ohio · Adams v. Williams · Dunaway v. New York
Most-quoted passages
The sentences later courts lift from this opinion, ranked by how many decisions quote each — the parts of the opinion doing the work. These counts are smaller than the citation total above because most of the 141 citing decisions cite the case generally; a passage count includes only decisions quoting that exact language verbatim.
“whether the degree of intrusion into the suspect's personal security was reasonably related in scope to the situation at hand, which is judged by examining the reasonableness of the officials' conduct given their suspicions and the surrounding circumstances.”
13 later decisions quote this exact passage“However, the mere use or display of force in making a stop will not necessarily convert a stop into an arrest.”
6 later decisions quote this exact passage“An informant's tip is sufficient to establish reasonable suspicion; it need not be based exclusively on an officer's personal observations.”
5 later decisions quote this exact passage
How this case has been treated — in progress
Whether each later court followed, distinguished, criticized, or overruled this decision. The treatment classification (task #35) runs highest-cited cases first and lights up here as it reaches this one.