McDonell v. Hunter’s Empirical Analysis
809 F.2d 1302 · 1987
Citation profile
63 federal appellate · 19 district · 23 state decisions
How this case has been cited
Cited by 160 later decisions (1 by the Supreme Court) — most recently September 2020 · most notably Skinner v. Railway Labor Executives' Assn. (1989), Kallstrom v. City of Columbus (1998)
63 federal appellate · 19 district · 23 state decisions — followed in 16 states
Later decisions citing this case, by decade. The current decade is in progress, and our corpus holds fewer opinions from the most recent years, so the latest bars are undercounted — not a real decline.
Relationships
Applies 42 U.S.C. § 1983 (Civil Rights Act of 1871 / Section 1983 (Ku Klux Klan Act))
Relies on Katz v. United States · Anderson v. City of Bessemer City · Schneckloth v. Bustamonte · Bell v. Wolfish · Pickering v. Board of Education of Township High School District 205 Will County Illinois
Most-quoted passages
The sentences later courts lift from this opinion, ranked by how many decisions quote each — the parts of the opinion doing the work. These counts are smaller than the citation total above because most of the 160 citing decisions cite the case generally; a passage count includes only decisions quoting that exact language verbatim.
“Urinalysis testing within the institution’s confines, other than uniformly or by systematic random selection of those employees so designated, may be made only on the basis of a reasonable suspicion, based on specific objective facts and reasonable inferences drawn from those facts in light of experience that the employee is then under the influence of drugs or alcohol or that the employee has used a controlled substance within the twenty-four hour period prior to the required test.”
7 later decisions quote this exact passage · from the concurrence“[U]rinalysis may be performed uniformly or by systematic random selection of those employees who have regular contact with the prisoners on a day-to-day basis in medium or maximum security prisons.”
5 later decisions quote this exact passage · from the concurrence“whether corrections employees are using or abusing drugs which would affect their ability to safely perform their work within the prison.”
4 later decisions quote this exact passage · from the concurrence
How this case has been treated — in progress
Whether each later court followed, distinguished, criticized, or overruled this decision. The treatment classification (task #35) runs highest-cited cases first and lights up here as it reaches this one.