United States v. Lang’s Empirical Analysis
81 F.3d 955 · 1996
Citation profile
56 federal appellate · 11 district · 11 state decisions
How this case has been cited
Cited by 125 later decisions — most recently March 2017 · most notably United States v. Shareef (1996), United States of v. Armando Lopez-Soto (2000)
56 federal appellate · 11 district · 11 state decisions
Later decisions citing this case, by decade. The current decade is in progress, and our corpus holds fewer opinions from the most recent years, so the latest bars are undercounted — not a real decline.
Relationships
Applies 18 U.S.C. § 2 · 18 U.S.C. § 844 · 18 U.S.C. § 924 · 21 U.S.C. § 841 (§ 401 of the Controlled Substances Act)
Relies on Terry v. Ohio · Bailey v. United States · Griffith v. Kentucky · United States v. Hensley · Minnesota v. Dickerson
Most-quoted passages
The sentences later courts lift from this opinion, ranked by how many decisions quote each — the parts of the opinion doing the work. These counts are smaller than the citation total above because most of the 125 citing decisions cite the case generally; a passage count includes only decisions quoting that exact language verbatim.
“if the weapon was present, unless it is clearly improbable that the weapon was connected with the offense.”
12 later decisions quote this exact passage · from the majority“of proving by a preponderance of the evidence that the gun was proximate to the drug offense.”
9 later decisions quote this exact passage · from the majority“a temporal and spatial relation existed between the weapon, the drug trafficking activity, and the defendant.”
7 later decisions quote this exact passage · from the majority
How this case has been treated — in progress
Whether each later court followed, distinguished, criticized, or overruled this decision. The treatment classification (task #35) runs highest-cited cases first and lights up here as it reaches this one.