United States v. Freeman’s Empirical Analysis
816 F.2d 558 · 1987
Citation profile
55 federal appellate · 5 district · 8 state decisions
How this case has been cited
Cited by 82 later decisions — most recently March 2025 · most notably United States v. Collins (1990), United States v. Mendoza-Salgado (1992)
55 federal appellate · 5 district · 8 state decisions
Later decisions citing this case, by decade. The current decade is in progress, and our corpus holds fewer opinions from the most recent years, so the latest bars are undercounted — not a real decline.
Relationships
Applies 18 U.S.C. § 472
Relies on Roviaro v. United States · Dutton v. Evans · Sloan v. Hicks · In re Martin-Trigona · Pacific Gas & Electric Co. v. Public Utilities Commission
Most-quoted passages
The sentences later courts lift from this opinion, ranked by how many decisions quote each — the parts of the opinion doing the work. These counts are smaller than the citation total above because most of the 82 citing decisions cite the case generally; a passage count includes only decisions quoting that exact language verbatim.
“'Hearsay' is a statement, other than one made by the declarant while testifying at the trial or hearing, offered in evidence to prove the truth of the matter asserted.”
9 later decisions quote this exact passage · from the majority“[O]ut of court statements are not hearsay when offered for the limited purpose of explaining why a Government investigation was undertaken.”
8 later decisions quote this exact passage · from the majority“[O]ut-of-court statements by informants offered to explain the background of an investigation . . . must be evaluated under . . . Fed. R. Evid. [] 401 and 403 for relevance and to prevent confusion or prejudice.”
4 later decisions quote this exact passage · from the majority
How this case has been treated — in progress
Whether each later court followed, distinguished, criticized, or overruled this decision. The treatment classification (task #35) runs highest-cited cases first and lights up here as it reaches this one.