United States v. Miller’s Empirical Analysis
821 F.2d 546 · 1987
Citation profile
51 federal appellate · 7 district · 31 state decisions
How this case has been cited
Cited by 101 later decisions — most recently February 2017 · most notably United States v. Guzman (1988), United States v. Jefferson (1991)
51 federal appellate · 7 district · 31 state decisions — followed in 17 states
Later decisions citing this case, by decade. The current decade is in progress, and our corpus holds fewer opinions from the most recent years, so the latest bars are undercounted — not a real decline.
Relationships
Applies 28 U.S.C. § 46
Relies on Rakas v. Illinois · Jones v. United States · Delaware v. Prouse · Vandygriff v. Phillips · Hannahville Indian Community v. United States
Most-quoted passages
The sentences later courts lift from this opinion, ranked by how many decisions quote each — the parts of the opinion doing the work. These counts are smaller than the citation total above because most of the 101 citing decisions cite the case generally; a passage count includes only decisions quoting that exact language verbatim.
“record does not reveal how many unsuccessful searches [this officer] has conducted or how many innocent travelers [he] has detained. Common sense suggests that those numbers may be significant. As well as protecting alleged criminals who are wrongfully stopped or searched, the Fourth Amendment of the Constitution protects these innocent citizens as well.”
2 later decisions quote this exact passage · from the majority“[I]n determining whether an investigative stop is invalid as pretextual, the proper inquiry is whether a reasonable officer would have made the seizure in the absence of illegitimate motivation.”
2 later decisions quote this exact passage · from the majority“In this case, Trooper Vogel pulled over at 9:40 at night a car that was obeying the speed limit, that was being driven cautiously, and that was from out-of-state. During the Florida tourist season, that description likely describes a high percentage of cars on Interstate 95... . The record does not reveal how many unsuccessful searches Trooper Vogel has conducted or how many innocent travelers the officer has detained. Common sense suggests that those numbers may be significant.”
1 later decision quote this exact passage · from the majority
How this case has been treated — in progress
Whether each later court followed, distinguished, criticized, or overruled this decision. The treatment classification (task #35) runs highest-cited cases first and lights up here as it reaches this one.