52 Fair empl.prac.cas. 1358, 43 Empl. Prac. Dec. P 37,231 Ana Leon T. v. Federal Reserve Bank of Chicago Richard Surel Frank Calloway and Dorothy Hardy’s Empirical Analysis
823 F.2d 928 · 1987
Citation profile
51 federal appellate · 1 district · 7 state decisions
How this case has been cited
Cited by 138 later decisions — most recently February 2016 · most notably Columbia Natural Resources, Inc. v. Tatum (1995), O'Hara v. Wigginton (1994)
51 federal appellate · 1 district · 7 state decisions
Later decisions citing this case, by decade. The current decade is in progress, and our corpus holds fewer opinions from the most recent years, so the latest bars are undercounted — not a real decline.
Relationships
Applies 12 U.S.C. § 221 (§ 1 of the Federal Reserve Act of 1913) · 12 U.S.C. § 341 (§ 4 of the Federal Reserve Act of 1913) · 42 U.S.C. § 1981 (Civil Rights Act of 1866) · 42 U.S.C. § 1983 (Civil Rights Act of 1871 / Section 1983 (Ku Klux Klan Act)) · 42 U.S.C. § 2000E (§ 701 of the Title VII of the Civil Rights Act of 1964)
Relies on Conley v. Gibson · Scheuer v. Rhodes · Parratt v. Taylor · Runyon v. McCrary · Saint Francis College v. Al-Khazraji
Most-quoted passages
The sentences later courts lift from this opinion, ranked by how many decisions quote each — the parts of the opinion doing the work. These counts are smaller than the citation total above because most of the 138 citing decisions cite the case generally; a passage count includes only decisions quoting that exact language verbatim.
“[T]he allegations must be more than mere conclusions, or they will not be sufficient to state a civil rights claim.”), cert. denied, 484 U.S. 945 , 108 S.Ct. 333 , 98 L.Ed.2d 360 (1987); Chapman v. City of Detroit, 808 F.2d 459, 465 (6th Cir.1986) (”
3 later decisions quote this exact passage · from the majority“[Ijnasmuch as Leon was an employee of a Federal Reserve Bank, her rights under the Elliott-Larsen Act [Michigan’s law prohibiting discrimination in employment] were preempted by federal law. Section 4, Fifth, of the Federal Reserve Act, 12 U.S.C. § 341 , Fifth, specifically provides that employees of a Federal Reserve Bank may be dismissed “at pleas ure.” This provision preempts any state-created right to the contrary.”
1 later decision quote this exact passage · from the concurrence“Although a claim of discrimination based on national origin could not have been brought under the Elliott-Larsen Act, Leon could have brought her claim under Title VII of the Civil Rights Act of 1961”
1 later decision quote this exact passage · from the concurrence
How this case has been treated — in progress
Whether each later court followed, distinguished, criticized, or overruled this decision. The treatment classification (task #35) runs highest-cited cases first and lights up here as it reaches this one.