Keller v. Prince George's County’s Empirical Analysis
827 F.2d 952 · 1987
Citation profile
66 federal appellate · 15 district · 5 state decisions
How this case has been cited
Cited by 171 later decisions (1 by the Supreme Court) — most recently January 2022 · most notably Lytle v. Household Manufacturing, Inc. (1990), Johnston v. Harris County Flood Control District (1989)
66 federal appellate · 15 district · 5 state decisions
Later decisions citing this case, by decade. The current decade is in progress, and our corpus holds fewer opinions from the most recent years, so the latest bars are undercounted — not a real decline.
Relationships
Applies 20 U.S.C. § 1415 · 42 U.S.C. § 1981 (Civil Rights Act of 1866) · 42 U.S.C. § 1983 (Civil Rights Act of 1871 / Section 1983 (Ku Klux Klan Act)) · 42 U.S.C. § 2000E (§ 701 of the Title VII of the Civil Rights Act of 1964) · 42 U.S.C. § 2000E (§ 706 of the Title VII of the Civil Rights Act of 1964)
Relies on McDonnell Douglas Corp. v. Green · Monell v. Department of Social Services of City of New York · Mt. Healthy City School District Board of Education v. Doyle · Edelman v. Jordan · Pennhurst State School and Hospital v. Halderman
Most-quoted passages
The sentences later courts lift from this opinion, ranked by how many decisions quote each — the parts of the opinion doing the work. These counts are smaller than the citation total above because most of the 171 citing decisions cite the case generally; a passage count includes only decisions quoting that exact language verbatim.
“In establishing the applicability of Title VTI to State and local employees, the Committee wishes to emphasize that the individual’s right to file a civil action in his own behalf, pursuant to the Civil Rights Act of 1870 and 1871, 42 U.S.C. §§ 1981 and 1983, is in no way affected. . . . The bill, therefore, by extending jurisdiction to State and local government employees does not affect existing rights that such individuals have already been granted by previous legislation. . . . Inclusion of state and local employees among those enjoying the protection of Title VII provides an alternate administrative remedy to the existing prohibition against discrimination “under color of state law” as embodied in the Civil Rights Act of 1871, 42 U.S.C. § 1983 .”
1 later decision quote this exact passage“But these are the natural effects of the choice Congress has made available to the claimant by its conferring upon him independent administrative and judicial remedies. The choice is a valuable one. Under some circumstances, the administrative route may be highly preferred over the litigatory; under others, the reverse may be true. We are disinclined, in the face of congressional emphasis upon the existence and independence of the two remedies, to infer any positive preference for one over the other, without a more definite expression in the legislation Congress has enacted, as, for example, a proscription of a § 1981 action while an EEOC claim is pending.”
1 later decision quote this exact passage“In establishing the applicability of Title VII to State and local employees, the Committee wishes to emphasize that the individuals right to file a civil action in his own behalf, pursuant to the Civil Rights Act of 1879, and 1871, 42 U.S.C. § 1981 and 1983 is in no way affected ... Title VII was envisioned as an independent statutory authority to provide an aggrieved individual with an additional remedy to redress employment discrimination ... the bill therefore, by extending jurisdiction to state and local government employees does not affect existing rights that such individuals have already been granted by previous legislation.”
1 later decision quote this exact passage
How this case has been treated — in progress
Whether each later court followed, distinguished, criticized, or overruled this decision. The treatment classification (task #35) runs highest-cited cases first and lights up here as it reaches this one.