Seamons v. Snow’s Empirical Analysis
84 F.3d 1226 · 1996
Citation profile
58 federal appellate · 50 district · 14 state decisions
How this case has been cited
Cited by 205 later decisions (2 by the Supreme Court) — most recently January 2026 · most notably Fitzgerald v. Barnstable School Committee (2009), Armijo Chavez v. Wagon Mound Public Schools (1998)
58 federal appellate · 50 district · 14 state decisions — followed in 11 states
Later decisions citing this case, by decade. The current decade is in progress, and our corpus holds fewer opinions from the most recent years, so the latest bars are undercounted — not a real decline.
Relationships
Applies 20 U.S.C. § 1681 (§ 901 of the Title IX of the Education Amendments of 1972) · 28 U.S.C. § 1291 · 42 U.S.C. § 1983 (Civil Rights Act of 1871 / Section 1983 (Ku Klux Klan Act)) · 42 U.S.C. § 1985 · 42 U.S.C. § 1988
Relies on Harlow v. Fitzgerald · Board of Regents of State Colleges v. Roth · Warth v. Seldin · Perry v. Sindermann · Daniels v. Williams
Most-quoted passages
The sentences later courts lift from this opinion, ranked by how many decisions quote each — the parts of the opinion doing the work. These counts are smaller than the citation total above because most of the 205 citing decisions cite the case generally; a passage count includes only decisions quoting that exact language verbatim.
“[S]tate officials can be liable for the acts of third parties where those officials 'created the danger' that caused the harm.”
6 later decisions quote this exact passage · from the majority“[t]he National Sea Clammers doctrine ‘speaks only to whether federal statutory rights can be enforced both through the statute itself and through section 1983’; it does not ‘stand for the proposition that a federal statutory scheme can preempt independently existing constitutional rights, which have contours distinct from the statutory claim.’”
5 later decisions quote this exact passage · from the majority“(1) [T]hat he is a member of a protected group; (2) that he was subject to unwelcome sexual harassment; (3) that the harassment was based on sex; 4) that the sexual harassment was sufficiently severe or pervasive so as to unreasonably alter the conditions of his education and create an abusive educational environment; and (5) that some basis for institutional liability has been established.”
4 later decisions quote this exact passage · from the majority
How this case has been treated — in progress
Whether each later court followed, distinguished, criticized, or overruled this decision. The treatment classification (task #35) runs highest-cited cases first and lights up here as it reaches this one.