Cikora v. Dugger’s Empirical Analysis
840 F.2d 893 · 1988
Citation profile
12 federal appellate · 6 state decisions
How this case has been cited
Cited by 44 later decisions — most recently March 2024 · most notably 50 Cal. 3d 1223 - People v. Gordon (1990), United States v. Diaz (2001)
12 federal appellate · 6 state decisions
Later decisions citing this case, by decade. The current decade is in progress, and our corpus holds fewer opinions from the most recent years, so the latest bars are undercounted — not a real decline.
Relationships
Applies 28 U.S.C. § 2254 (Antiterrorism and Effective Death Penalty Act of 1996)
Relies on Simmons v. United States · Neil v. Biggers · Townsend v. Sain · Manson v. Brathwaite · Bonner v. City of Prichard
Most-quoted passages
The sentences later courts lift from this opinion, ranked by how many decisions quote each — the parts of the opinion doing the work. These counts are smaller than the citation total above because most of the 44 citing decisions cite the case generally; a passage count includes only decisions quoting that exact language verbatim.
“[f]ederal courts have granted relief from state convictions when the trial court arbitrarily excluded evidence tending to show that another person might have committed the crime. They have done so, however, only when there was some demonstration connecting another person to the particular crime for which the defendant was on trial.”
2 later decisions quote this exact passage · from the majoritye.g. Heinish v. Tate · Card v. Dugger“[t]he district court's ultimate conclusion, taking into consideration the five factors of the Neil v. Biggers test, that [the defendant] was not deprived of due process by the admission of the out-of-court identification, is subject to plenary review as a mixed question of fact and law.”
1 later decision quote this exact passage · from the majority“[W]e believe that the standards for assessing the sixth amendment violation and a violation of due process itself are identical in the context--a challenge to a trial court ruling excluding evidence or testimony.”
1 later decision quote this exact passage · from the majority
How this case has been treated — in progress
Whether each later court followed, distinguished, criticized, or overruled this decision. The treatment classification (task #35) runs highest-cited cases first and lights up here as it reaches this one.