Earle v. Benoit’s Empirical Analysis
850 F.2d 836 · 1988
Citation profile
52 federal appellate · 57 district · 4 state decisions
How this case has been cited
Cited by 134 later decisions — most recently August 2023 · most notably Cumpiano v. Banco Santander Puerto Rico (1990), Brennan v. Hendrigan (1989)
52 federal appellate · 57 district · 4 state decisions
Later decisions citing this case, by decade. The current decade is in progress, and our corpus holds fewer opinions from the most recent years, so the latest bars are undercounted — not a real decline.
Relationships
Applies 42 U.S.C. § 1983 (Civil Rights Act of 1871 / Section 1983 (Ku Klux Klan Act))
Relies on United States v. Leon · Malley v. Briggs · Allen v. McCurry · Paul v. Davis · Dunaway v. New York
Most-quoted passages
The sentences later courts lift from this opinion, ranked by how many decisions quote each — the parts of the opinion doing the work. These counts are smaller than the citation total above because most of the 134 citing decisions cite the case generally; a passage count includes only decisions quoting that exact language verbatim.
“a combination of two or more persons acting in concert to commit an unlawful act, or to commit a lawful act by unlawful means, the principal element of which is an agreement between the parties to inflict a wrong against or injury upon another, and an overt act that results in damages.”
14 later decisions quote this exact passage“[F]or a conspiracy to be actionable under section 1983 the plaintiff has to prove that there has been, besides the agreement, an actual deprivation of a right secured by the Constitution and laws.”
7 later decisions quote this exact passage“Error may not be predicated upon a ruling which admits or excludes evidence unless ... the substance of the evidence was made known to the court by offer or was apparent from the context within which questions were asked.”
3 later decisions quote this exact passage
How this case has been treated — in progress
Whether each later court followed, distinguished, criticized, or overruled this decision. The treatment classification (task #35) runs highest-cited cases first and lights up here as it reaches this one.