Washington v. Starke’s Empirical Analysis
855 F.2d 346 · 1988
Citation profile
18 federal appellate ·
How this case has been cited
Cited by 33 later decisions — most recently January 2011 · most notably Walton v. City of Southfield (1993), Long v. Norris (1991)
18 federal appellate ·
Later decisions citing this case, by decade. The current decade is in progress, and our corpus holds fewer opinions from the most recent years, so the latest bars are undercounted — not a real decline.
Relationships
Applies 42 U.S.C. § 1981 (Civil Rights Act of 1866)
Relies on Harlow v. Fitzgerald · Anderson v. Creighton · Mitchell v. Forsyth · Tennessee v. Garner · Davis v. Scherer
Most-quoted passages
The sentences later courts lift from this opinion, ranked by how many decisions quote each — the parts of the opinion doing the work. These counts are smaller than the citation total above because most of the 33 citing decisions cite the case generally; a passage count includes only decisions quoting that exact language verbatim.
“whether or not the state has imposed 'substantive limitations' on the discretion of [officers] ... or, in other words, whether the state has used language of an unmistakably mandatory character.”
4 later decisions quote this exact passage · from the majority“must have a legitimate claim of entitlement to the interest, not simply a unilateral expectation of it.”
3 later decisions quote this exact passage · from the majority“[w]hether an official may prevail in his [or her] qualified immunity defense depends on the 'objective reasonableness of [his or her] conduct as measured by reference to clearly established law.'”
1 later decision quote this exact passage · from the majoritye.g. Solon v. Ellsworth
How this case has been treated — in progress
Whether each later court followed, distinguished, criticized, or overruled this decision. The treatment classification (task #35) runs highest-cited cases first and lights up here as it reaches this one.