United States v. Hammad’s Empirical Analysis
858 F.2d 834 · 1988
Citation profile
32 federal appellate · 13 district · 11 state decisions
How this case has been cited
Cited by 109 later decisions — most recently October 2017 · most notably United States v. Balter (1996), State v. Smart (1993)
32 federal appellate · 13 district · 11 state decisions
Later decisions citing this case, by decade. The current decade is in progress, and our corpus holds fewer opinions from the most recent years, so the latest bars are undercounted — not a real decline.
Relationships
Applies 18 U.S.C. § 2515 (Electronic Communications Privacy Act of 1986) · 18 U.S.C. § 3731
Relies on Terry v. Ohio · United States v. Leon · Mapp v. Ohio · Stone v. Powell · United States v. Calandra
Most-quoted passages
The sentences later courts lift from this opinion, ranked by how many decisions quote each — the parts of the opinion doing the work. These counts are smaller than the citation total above because most of the 109 citing decisions cite the case generally; a passage count includes only decisions quoting that exact language verbatim.
“A. During the course of his representation of a client a lawyer shall not: 1. Communicate or cause another to communicate on the subject of the representation with a party he knows to be represented by a lawyer in that matter unless he has the prior consent of the lawyer representing such other party or is authorized by law to do so.”
14 later decisions quote this exact passage · from the majority“a prosecutor is “authorized by law” to employ legitimate investigative techniques in conducting or supervising criminal investigations, and the use of informants to gather evidence against a suspect will frequently fall within the ambit of such authorization.”
6 later decisions quote this exact passage · from the majority“the use of informants by government prosecutors in a preindictment, non-custodial situation ... will generally fall within the 'authorized by law' exception to DR 7-104(A)(1) and therefore will not be subject to sanctions.”
4 later decisions quote this exact passage · from the majority
How this case has been treated — in progress
Whether each later court followed, distinguished, criticized, or overruled this decision. The treatment classification (task #35) runs highest-cited cases first and lights up here as it reaches this one.