United States v. Klein’s Empirical Analysis
860 F.2d 1489 · 1988
Citation profile
120 federal appellate · 1 district · 8 state decisions
How this case has been cited
Cited by 166 later decisions (1 by the Supreme Court) — most recently May 2021 · most notably Chapman v. United States (1991), United States v. Nordby (2000)
120 federal appellate · 1 district · 8 state decisions
Later decisions citing this case, by decade. The current decade is in progress, and our corpus holds fewer opinions from the most recent years, so the latest bars are undercounted — not a real decline.
Relationships
Applies 18 U.S.C. § 1111 · 18 U.S.C. § 1201 (International Parental Kidnapping Crime Act of 1993) · 18 U.S.C. § 1203 · 18 U.S.C. § 1651 · 18 U.S.C. § 34 · 21 U.S.C. § 841 (§ 401 of the Controlled Substances Act) · 21 U.S.C. § 846 (§ 406 of the Controlled Substances Act) · 21 U.S.C. § 848 (§ 408 of the Controlled Substances Act)
Relies on Illinois v. Gates · Morrissey v. Brewer · Carroll v. United States · Payton v. New York · Chambers v. Maroney
Most-quoted passages
The sentences later courts lift from this opinion, ranked by how many decisions quote each — the parts of the opinion doing the work. These counts are smaller than the citation total above because most of the 166 citing decisions cite the case generally; a passage count includes only decisions quoting that exact language verbatim.
“The fact that appellant may have had 'the lowest possible role' in a narcotics conspiracy does not diminish the level of culpability which attended his own acts.”
4 later decisions quote this exact passage · from the majority“[s]ince a suspect classification is not implicated, we only need to identify a rational basis”
4 later decisions quote this exact passage · from the dissent“'facts and circumstances within the officer's knowledge ... are sufficient to warrant a prudent person, or one of reasonable caution, [to believe], in the circumstances shown, that the suspect has committed, is committing, or is about to commit an offense.”
3 later decisions quote this exact passage · from the majority
How this case has been treated — in progress
Whether each later court followed, distinguished, criticized, or overruled this decision. The treatment classification (task #35) runs highest-cited cases first and lights up here as it reaches this one.