Michenfelder v. Sumner’s Empirical Analysis
860 F.2d 328 · 1988
Citation profile
105 federal appellate · 18 district · 3 state decisions
How this case has been cited
Cited by 217 later decisions — most recently February 2025 · most notably Norman Charles Oliver v. Wayne Scott, et al. (2002), Thompson v. City of Los Angeles (1989)
105 federal appellate · 18 district · 3 state decisions
Later decisions citing this case, by decade. The current decade is in progress, and our corpus holds fewer opinions from the most recent years, so the latest bars are undercounted — not a real decline.
Relationships
Applies 28 U.S.C. § 1291
Relies on Estelle v. Gamble · Bell v. Wolfish · Turner v. Safley · Pullman-Standard v. Swint · Procunier v. Martinez
Most-quoted passages
The sentences later courts lift from this opinion, ranked by how many decisions quote each — the parts of the opinion doing the work. These counts are smaller than the citation total above because most of the 217 citing decisions cite the case generally; a passage count includes only decisions quoting that exact language verbatim.
“the scope of the particular intrusion, the manner in which it is conducted, the justification of initiating it, and the place in which it is conducted.”
10 later decisions quote this exact passage · from the majority“assigned positions of female guards that require only infrequent and casual observation, or observation at distance, and that are reasonably related to prison needs are not so degrading as to warrant court interference”
4 later decisions quote this exact passage · from the majority“[W]hen a prison regulation impinges on inmates' constitutional rights, the regulation is valid if it is reasonably related to legitimate penological interests.”
4 later decisions quote this exact passage · from the majority
How this case has been treated — in progress
Whether each later court followed, distinguished, criticized, or overruled this decision. The treatment classification (task #35) runs highest-cited cases first and lights up here as it reaches this one.