Birrell v. Brown’s Empirical Analysis
867 F.2d 956 · 1989
Citation profile
77 federal appellate · 1 district ·
How this case has been cited
Cited by 100 later decisions — most recently September 2017 · most notably Adams v. Metiva (1994), Carver v. Bunch (1991)
77 federal appellate · 1 district ·
Later decisions citing this case, by decade. The current decade is in progress, and our corpus holds fewer opinions from the most recent years, so the latest bars are undercounted — not a real decline.
Relationships
Relies on Harlow v. Fitzgerald · Anderson v. Creighton · Whitley v. Albers · Rhodes v. Chapman · Youngberg v. Romeo Ex Rel. Romeo
Most-quoted passages
The sentences later courts lift from this opinion, ranked by how many decisions quote each — the parts of the opinion doing the work. These counts are smaller than the citation total above because most of the 100 citing decisions cite the case generally; a passage count includes only decisions quoting that exact language verbatim.
“In order to be 'clearly established,' the particular circumstances of a case need not have been previously held illegal; instead, precedent must be clear enough to put a reasonable official on notice that his actions are illegal or unconstitutional.”
1 later decision quote this exact passage · from the concurrencee.g. Brown v. Baker“at least implicitly authorized, approved, or knowingly acquiesced in the unconstitutional conduct.”
1 later decision quote this exact passage · from the concurrencee.g. Russo v. Massullo
How this case has been treated — in progress
Whether each later court followed, distinguished, criticized, or overruled this decision. The treatment classification (task #35) runs highest-cited cases first and lights up here as it reaches this one.