Germany v. Vance’s Empirical Analysis
868 F.2d 9 · 1989
Citation profile
46 federal appellate · 50 district · 8 state decisions
How this case has been cited
Cited by 122 later decisions — most recently March 2025 · most notably Gutierrez-Rodriguez v. Cartagena (1989), Doe v. Taylor Independent School District (1994)
46 federal appellate · 50 district · 8 state decisions
Later decisions citing this case, by decade. The current decade is in progress, and our corpus holds fewer opinions from the most recent years, so the latest bars are undercounted — not a real decline.
Relationships
Applies 42 U.S.C. § 1983 (Civil Rights Act of 1871 / Section 1983 (Ku Klux Klan Act))
Relies on Harlow v. Fitzgerald · In the Matter of Samuel Winship · Wolff v. McDonnell · Daniels v. Williams · Gault
Most-quoted passages
The sentences later courts lift from this opinion, ranked by how many decisions quote each — the parts of the opinion doing the work. These counts are smaller than the citation total above because most of the 122 citing decisions cite the case generally; a passage count includes only decisions quoting that exact language verbatim.
“[t]he distinction among such categories as 'negligence,' 'reckless or callous indifference,' and 'intentional' conduct can be elusive. According to general tort principles, however, a central distinction among these categories involves the actor's degree of certainty that negative consequences will result from his act or omission.”
3 later decisions quote this exact passage · from the dissent“An official displays such reckless or callous indifference when it would be manifest to any reasonable official that his conduct was very likely to violate an individual’s constitutional rights.”
3 later decisions quote this exact passage“for a deprivation of life, liberty, or property without due process if their conduct reflects a reckless or callous indifference to an individual's rights.”
2 later decisions quote this exact passage
How this case has been treated — in progress
Whether each later court followed, distinguished, criticized, or overruled this decision. The treatment classification (task #35) runs highest-cited cases first and lights up here as it reaches this one.