Roy v. United States’s Empirical Analysis

Citation profile

18 state decisions

Most-quoted passages

The sentences later courts lift from this opinion, ranked by how many decisions quote each — the parts of the opinion doing the work. These counts are smaller than the citation total above because most of the 18 citing decisions cite the case generally; a passage count includes only decisions quoting that exact language verbatim.

1. “[ojther jurisdictions have extended proximate cause liability to participants in gun battles, finding that an individual’s participation in such a battle represents a depraved indifference to human life such that he or she meets the mens rea for second-degree depraved heart murder. Further, courts have determined that the combined hail of bullets that result from such a battle are jointly responsible for the fatal injury, such that a determination of which defendant’s bullet “actually” caused the death is unnecessary. Finally, courts have found that a death which results from the shower of bullets created during this type of battle is more than reasonably foreseeable, i.e., conscious awareness of danger.”

   1 later decision quote this exact passage
   e.g. State v. Spates

2. “Two, that at the time the defendant did so, he had the specific intent to kill or seriously injure the decedent, dr acted in a conscious disregard of an extreme risk of death or serious bodily injuty to the decedent; Three, there were no mitigating circumstances ...; Four, ... he did not act in self-defense[J”

   1 later decision quote this exact passage
   e.g. McCray v. United States

3. “By choosing to engage in a shootout, a defendant may be the cause of a shooting by either side because the death of a bystander is a natural result of a shootout, and the shootout could not occur without participation from both sides.”

   1 later decision quote this exact passage · from the concurrence
   e.g. State v. Spates