United States v. Elder’s Empirical Analysis
88 F.3d 127 · 1996
Citation profile
20 federal appellate · 3 district ·
How this case has been cited
Cited by 33 later decisions — most recently December 2021 · most notably United States v. Khalil (2000), United States v. Kennedy (1998)
20 federal appellate · 3 district ·
Later decisions citing this case, by decade. The current decade is in progress, and our corpus holds fewer opinions from the most recent years, so the latest bars are undercounted — not a real decline.
Relationships
Applies 18 U.S.C. § 1951 (Hobbs Act) · 18 U.S.C. § 924
Relies on Bailey v. United States · Carolco Television Inc. v. National Broadcasting Co. · CSX Transportation, Inc. v. Easterwood · United States v. Chimurenga · United States v. Patino
Most-quoted passages
The sentences later courts lift from this opinion, ranked by how many decisions quote each — the parts of the opinion doing the work. These counts are smaller than the citation total above because most of the 33 citing decisions cite the case generally; a passage count includes only decisions quoting that exact language verbatim.
“A conspiracy, by its very nature, is a collective criminal effort where a common goal unites two or more criminals. Such a meeting of the minds enhances the likelihood that the planned crime will be carried out. Thus, when a conspiracy exists to commit a crime of violence, ... the conspiracy itself poses a substantial risk of violence, which qualifies it under Section 924(c)(1) and Section 924(c)(3)(B) as a crime of violence.”
4 later decisions quote this exact passage · from the majority“that by its nature, involves a substantial risk that physical force against the person or property of another may be used in the course of committing the offense”
2 later decisions quote this exact passage · from the majority“[A] conspiracy to commit a robbery that violates the Hobbs Act is necessarily a conspiracy that, by its nature, involves a substantial risk that physical force may be used against the person or property of another, and therefore is a crime of violence within the meaning of section 924(c).”
1 later decision quote this exact passage · from the majority
How this case has been treated — in progress
Whether each later court followed, distinguished, criticized, or overruled this decision. The treatment classification (task #35) runs highest-cited cases first and lights up here as it reaches this one.