Arnold v. Board of Education of Escambia County’s Empirical Analysis
880 F.2d 305 · 1989
Citation profile
37 federal appellate · 2 district · 4 state decisions
How this case has been cited
Cited by 117 later decisions — most recently March 2025 · most notably Planned Parenthood of Southeastern Pennsylvania v. P Casey P Casey (1992), Busby v. City of Orlando (1991)
37 federal appellate · 2 district · 4 state decisions
Later decisions citing this case, by decade. The current decade is in progress, and our corpus holds fewer opinions from the most recent years, so the latest bars are undercounted — not a real decline.
Relationships
Applies 42 U.S.C. § 1981 (Civil Rights Act of 1866) · 42 U.S.C. § 1983 (Civil Rights Act of 1871 / Section 1983 (Ku Klux Klan Act)) · 42 U.S.C. § 1985
Relies on Conley v. Gibson · Monell v. Department of Social Services of City of New York · Harlow v. Fitzgerald · Roe v. Wade · Bonner v. City of Prichard
Most-quoted passages
The sentences later courts lift from this opinion, ranked by how many decisions quote each — the parts of the opinion doing the work. These counts are smaller than the citation total above because most of the 117 citing decisions cite the case generally; a passage count includes only decisions quoting that exact language verbatim.
“give the defendant fair notice of what the plaintiff's claim is and the grounds upon which it rests.”
6 later decisions quote this exact passage · from the majority“(1) a conspiracy; (2) for the purpose of depriving, either directly or indirectly, any person or class of persons of the equal protection of the laws, or of equal privileges and immunities under the laws; and (3) an act in furtherance of the conspiracy; (4) whereby a person is either injured in his person or property or deprived of any right or privilege of a citizen of the United States.”
2 later decisions quote this exact passage · from the concurrence“[A] reasonable accommodation must be found by balancing the traditional rights of parents in the rearing of their children and the interest of the state in controlling public schools. While counseling intrudes somewhat on parental control over a child, we acknowledge the important role a guidance counselor plays as a trusted confidant of many students.”
2 later decisions quote this exact passage · from the majority
How this case has been treated — in progress
Whether each later court followed, distinguished, criticized, or overruled this decision. The treatment classification (task #35) runs highest-cited cases first and lights up here as it reaches this one.