Gardner v. Gartman’s Empirical Analysis
880 F.2d 797 · 1989
Citation profile
8 federal appellate · 3 district ·
How this case has been cited
Cited by 18 later decisions — most recently April 2018
8 federal appellate · 3 district ·
Later decisions citing this case, by decade. The current decade is in progress, and our corpus holds fewer opinions from the most recent years, so the latest bars are undercounted — not a real decline.
Relationships
Applies 42 U.S.C. § 2000E (§ 717 of the Title VII of the Civil Rights Act of 1964)
Relies on Schiavone v. Fortune · Cooper v. United States Postal Service · Cooper v. U.S. Postal Service · Williams v. Army & Air Force Exchange Service · Bell v. Veterans Administration Hospital
Most-quoted passages
The sentences later courts lift from this opinion, ranked by how many decisions quote each — the parts of the opinion doing the work. These counts are smaller than the citation total above because most of the 18 citing decisions cite the case generally; a passage count includes only decisions quoting that exact language verbatim.
“the head of the department, agency or unit, as appropriate, shall be the defendant.”
2 later decisions quote this exact passage · from the majority“the naming of one government party or the wrong government official does not place the proper government party or official on notice of the suit.”
1 later decision quote this exact passage · from the majority“(T]he head of the department for which the plaintiff works is the proper defendant in a sex or race discrimination suit.”
1 later decision quote this exact passage · from the majoritye.g. Chang Lim v. Azar
How this case has been treated — in progress
Whether each later court followed, distinguished, criticized, or overruled this decision. The treatment classification (task #35) runs highest-cited cases first and lights up here as it reaches this one.