United States v. Gray’s Empirical Analysis
883 F.2d 320 · 1989
Citation profile
36 federal appellate · 2 district · 7 state decisions
How this case has been cited
Cited by 63 later decisions — most recently April 2021 · most notably United States v. Gordon (1990), Ferris v. State (1999)
36 federal appellate · 2 district · 7 state decisions
Later decisions citing this case, by decade. The current decade is in progress, and our corpus holds fewer opinions from the most recent years, so the latest bars are undercounted — not a real decline.
Relationships
Applies 21 U.S.C. § 841 (§ 401 of the Controlled Substances Act)
Relies on Terry v. Ohio · Florida v. Royer · United States v. Mendenhall · Pennhurst State School & Hospital v. Halderman · Liotta v. National Forge Co.
Most-quoted passages
The sentences later courts lift from this opinion, ranked by how many decisions quote each — the parts of the opinion doing the work. These counts are smaller than the citation total above because most of the 63 citing decisions cite the case generally; a passage count includes only decisions quoting that exact language verbatim.
“the officer, by means of physical force or show of authority, has in some way restrained the liberty of a citizen such that he is not free to walk away.”
3 later decisions quote this exact passage · from the concurrence“--i.e. did the officer raise his voice or threaten the defendant ...; (5) whether the officer informed the defendant that he positively suspected him of illegal activity rather than treating the encounter as”
2 later decisions quote this exact passage · from the concurrence“[So] long as a person remains at liberty to disregard a police officer's request for information, no constitutional interest is implicated.”
2 later decisions quote this exact passage · from the concurrence
How this case has been treated — in progress
Whether each later court followed, distinguished, criticized, or overruled this decision. The treatment classification (task #35) runs highest-cited cases first and lights up here as it reaches this one.