Irby’s Empirical Analysis
Citation profile
3 federal appellate ·
How this case has been cited
Cited by 33 later decisions — most recently December 2020 · most notably Tanya Mixon v. The State of Ohio and Michael White (1999), Smith v. Salt River Project Agricultural Improvement & Power District (1997)
3 federal appellate ·
Later decisions citing this case, by decade. The current decade is in progress, and our corpus holds fewer opinions from the most recent years, so the latest bars are undercounted — not a real decline.
Relationships
Relies on Village of Arlington Heights v. Metropolitan Housing Development Corp. · Brown et al. v. Board of Education of Topeka et al. · Washington v. Davis · Thornburg v. Gingles · Mansion House Center South Redevelopment Co. v. United States
Most-quoted passages
The sentences later courts lift from this opinion, ranked by how many decisions quote each — the parts of the opinion doing the work. These counts are smaller than the citation total above because most of the 33 citing decisions cite the case generally; a passage count includes only decisions quoting that exact language verbatim.
“[t]he evidence cast considerable doubt on the existence of a causal link between the appointive system and black underrepresentation in Buckingham and Halifax counties.”
2 later decisions quote this exact passage · from the majority“although blacks comprise a large portion of the population, they are not seeking school board seats in numbers consistent with their percentage of the population.”
2 later decisions quote this exact passage · from the majority“between the percentage of blacks in the population and the percentage of blacks on the school board,”
2 later decisions quote this exact passage · from the majority
How this case has been treated — in progress
Whether each later court followed, distinguished, criticized, or overruled this decision. The treatment classification (task #35) runs highest-cited cases first and lights up here as it reaches this one.