United States v. Laing’s Empirical Analysis
889 F.2d 281 · 1989
Citation profile
70 federal appellate · 7 district · 23 state decisions
How this case has been cited
Cited by 121 later decisions — most recently July 2023 · most notably United States v. Brown (1990), Commonwealth v. Williams (1996)
70 federal appellate · 7 district · 23 state decisions — followed in 10 states
Later decisions citing this case, by decade. The current decade is in progress, and our corpus holds fewer opinions from the most recent years, so the latest bars are undercounted — not a real decline.
Relationships
Applies 18 U.S.C. § 924 · 21 U.S.C. § 841 (§ 401 of the Controlled Substances Act) · 21 U.S.C. § 856 (§ 416 of the Controlled Substances Act)
Relies on Terry v. Ohio · Kotteakos v. United States · Brinegar v. United States · Beck v. State of Ohio · Adams v. Williams
Most-quoted passages
The sentences later courts lift from this opinion, ranked by how many decisions quote each — the parts of the opinion doing the work. These counts are smaller than the citation total above because most of the 121 citing decisions cite the case generally; a passage count includes only decisions quoting that exact language verbatim.
“force used to carry out the stop and search must be reasonable, but may include using handcuffs or forcing the detainee to lie down to prevent flight”
9 later decisions quote this exact passage · from the majority“during and in relation to a drug trafficking offense.”
2 later decisions quote this exact passage · from the majority“is justified in believing that the individual ... is armed and presently dangerous to the officer ..., it would appear to be clearly unreasonable to deny the officer the power to take necessary measures to determine whether the person is in fact carrying a weapon and to neutralize the threat of physical harm.”
1 later decision quote this exact passage · from the majority
How this case has been treated — in progress
Whether each later court followed, distinguished, criticized, or overruled this decision. The treatment classification (task #35) runs highest-cited cases first and lights up here as it reaches this one.