United States v. White’s Empirical Analysis
890 F.2d 1413 · 1989
Citation profile
88 federal appellate · 5 district · 18 state decisions
How this case has been cited
Cited by 126 later decisions — most recently June 2017 · most notably United States v. Bloomfield (1994), United States v. Little (1994)
88 federal appellate · 5 district · 18 state decisions — followed in 11 states
Later decisions citing this case, by decade. The current decade is in progress, and our corpus holds fewer opinions from the most recent years, so the latest bars are undercounted — not a real decline.
Relationships
Applies 21 U.S.C. § 841 (§ 401 of the Controlled Substances Act)
Relies on Terry v. Ohio · United States v. Leon · Florida v. Royer · United States v. Mendenhall · United States v. Cortez
Most-quoted passages
The sentences later courts lift from this opinion, ranked by how many decisions quote each — the parts of the opinion doing the work. These counts are smaller than the citation total above because most of the 126 citing decisions cite the case generally; a passage count includes only decisions quoting that exact language verbatim.
“close enough to the line of validity to make the officers' belief in the validity of the warrant objectively reasonable.”
6 later decisions quote this exact passage · from the concurrence“'becoming nervous when one is confronted by officers of the law is not an uncommon reaction'”
4 later decisions quote this exact passage · from the majority“[a] ticket purchased with cash may mean nothing more than that the holder did not have the use of a credit card....”
2 later decisions quote this exact passage · from the majority
How this case has been treated — in progress
Whether each later court followed, distinguished, criticized, or overruled this decision. The treatment classification (task #35) runs highest-cited cases first and lights up here as it reaches this one.