United States v. Wolf’s Empirical Analysis
890 F.2d 241 · 1989
Citation profile
24 federal appellate · 4 district · 18 state decisions
How this case has been cited
Cited by 64 later decisions — most recently August 2024 · most notably United States v. Cross (1991), United States v. Knox (1994)
24 federal appellate · 4 district · 18 state decisions — followed in 15 states
Later decisions citing this case, by decade. The current decade is in progress, and our corpus holds fewer opinions from the most recent years, so the latest bars are undercounted — not a real decline.
Relationships
Applies 18 U.S.C. § 2251 (Child Pornography Prevention Act of 1996) · 18 U.S.C. § 2252 · 18 U.S.C. § 2256
Relies on Carnegie v. United States · Miller v. California · New York v. Ferber · Scharffe v. Perkins · Agency Holding Corp. v. Malley-Duff & Associates, Inc.
Most-quoted passages
The sentences later courts lift from this opinion, ranked by how many decisions quote each — the parts of the opinion doing the work. These counts are smaller than the citation total above because most of the 64 citing decisions cite the case generally; a passage count includes only decisions quoting that exact language verbatim.
“(1) whether the focal point of the visual depiction is on the child’s genitalia or pubic area; (2) whether the setting of the visual depiction is sexually suggestive, i.e., in a place or pose generally associated with sexual activity; (3) whether the child is depicted in an unnatural pose, or in inappropriate attire, considering the age of the child; (4) whether the child is fully or partially clothed, or nude; (5) whether the visual depiction suggests sexual coyness or a willingness to engage in sexual activity; [and] (6) whether the visual depiction is intended or designed to elicit a sexual response in the viewer.”
8 later decisions quote this exact passage · from the majority“sexually explicit conduct for the purpose of producing any visual depiction of such conduct”
4 later decisions quote this exact passage · from the majority“lascivious exhibition of the genitals or pubic area of any person.”
4 later decisions quote this exact passage · from the majority
How this case has been treated — in progress
Whether each later court followed, distinguished, criticized, or overruled this decision. The treatment classification (task #35) runs highest-cited cases first and lights up here as it reaches this one.