Charles v. Smith’s Empirical Analysis
894 F.2d 718 · 1990
Citation profile
12 federal appellate · 8 state decisions
How this case has been cited
Cited by 28 later decisions — most recently November 2014 · most notably United States v. Webster (1998), West v. Johnson (1996)
12 federal appellate · 8 state decisions
Later decisions citing this case, by decade. The current decade is in progress, and our corpus holds fewer opinions from the most recent years, so the latest bars are undercounted — not a real decline.
Relationships
Applies 28 U.S.C. § 2254 (Antiterrorism and Effective Death Penalty Act of 1996)
Relies on Chapman v. State of California · Edwards v. Arizona · Beck v. State of Ohio · Rhode Island v. Innis · Michigan v. Mosley
Most-quoted passages
The sentences later courts lift from this opinion, ranked by how many decisions quote each — the parts of the opinion doing the work. These counts are smaller than the citation total above because most of the 28 citing decisions cite the case generally; a passage count includes only decisions quoting that exact language verbatim.
“(1) Having no personal knowledge of any of the facts establishing probable cause, an officer may make an arrest to carry out directions from another officer who does have probable cause. (2) Having personal knowledge of some facts that standing alone do not amount to probable cause, an officer may make an arrest when those facts are added to information known by other officers would amount to probable cause.”
1 later decision quote this exact passage · from the majority
How this case has been treated — in progress
Whether each later court followed, distinguished, criticized, or overruled this decision. The treatment classification (task #35) runs highest-cited cases first and lights up here as it reaches this one.