United States v. Roberts’s Empirical Analysis
898 F.2d 1465 · 1990
Citation profile
122 federal appellate · 2 district · 1 state decisions
How this case has been cited
Cited by 143 later decisions — most recently February 2025 · most notably United States v. Matthews (1994), United States v. Morgan (1991)
122 federal appellate · 2 district · 1 state decisions
Later decisions citing this case, by decade. The current decade is in progress, and our corpus holds fewer opinions from the most recent years, so the latest bars are undercounted — not a real decline.
Relationships
Applies 18 U.S.C. § 113 · 18 U.S.C. § 2111 · 18 U.S.C. § 3551 (Mandatory Victims Restitution Act of 1996) · 18 U.S.C. § 3742
Relies on Grayned v. City of Rockford · Connally v. General Construction Co. · Vandygriff v. Phillips · Hannahville Indian Community v. United States · Grayned v. City of Rockford
Most-quoted passages
The sentences later courts lift from this opinion, ranked by how many decisions quote each — the parts of the opinion doing the work. These counts are smaller than the citation total above because most of the 143 citing decisions cite the case generally; a passage count includes only decisions quoting that exact language verbatim.
“'Physically restrained' means the forcible restraint of the victim such as by being tied, bound, or locked-up.”
6 later decisions quote this exact passage · from the majority“the weapon was pointed or waved about, or displayed in a threatening manner”
6 later decisions quote this exact passage · from the majority““(c) ‘Brandish’ with reference to a dangerous weapon (including a firearm) means that the weapon was pointed or waved about, or displayed in a threatening manner. (d) ‘Dangerous Weapon’ means an instrument capable of inflicting death or serious bodily injury. Where an object that appeared to be a dangerous weapon was brandished, displayed, or possessed, treat the object as a dangerous weapon____ (g) ‘Otherwise used’ with reference to a dangerous weapon (including a firearm) means the conduct did not amount to the discharge of a firearm, but was more than brandishing, displaying or possessing a firearm or other dangerous weapon.””
4 later decisions quote this exact passage · from the majority
How this case has been treated — in progress
Whether each later court followed, distinguished, criticized, or overruled this decision. The treatment classification (task #35) runs highest-cited cases first and lights up here as it reaches this one.