majority">COLLIER, C. J.

The overseer of slaves, under a contract with the master, to supervise and direct their operations must be considered to some extent as standing in loco magisterio and of necessity invested with the authority to inflict reasonable punishment for the breach of police regulations. What are, or should be, the disciplinary rules upon a plantation, it is very difficult to define, yet there are some points in respect to the government of slaves, in which perhaps all of us are agreed. It is certainly for the interest of the master, that the slave should be taught habits of industry; and as a moral, sentient being, should learn that his happiness depends upon the appreciation of virtue, and a conformity *397to its precepts. If these sentiments cannot be inculcated by the force of moral suasion, it is certainly allowable, and'it may be a duty to inflict corporal punishment.

If the master intrust the management of his slaves to a third person, it is the duty of the latter, not only to see that he is faithful in the performance of the labour assigned him, but to exercise such a restraint as will prevent him, as far as may be, from an indulgence in open immoralities. Neither drunkenness, profanity, or theft should be looked on with toleration; for a connivance at either of these, tends but to subvert a proper subordination and discipline, and in the end to worse consequences. As, then, it is the duty of the overseer to cause the observance of good order upon the plantation, it is scarcely necessary to add more, to prove that he is authorized to punish slaves placed under his supervision for offences against good morals. It cannot, we think, be important to inquire whether the offence is criminally punished hy the law; for we can conceive of no warrant for thus limiting the power of the overseer. Such a limitation, we are sure, has not its foundation in policy. The good morals and quiet of the State are not concerned in the prosecution of every slave who may commit a larceny. So far as it concerns the public, it is quite as well, perhaps better, that his punishment should be admeasured by a domestic tribunal. Certainly this mode of procedure would he preferable for the master, as it would relieve him both from anxiety and the necessity of expending money.

Although the overseer has the legal right in the cases supposed, to punish slaves placed under his control, yet he is liable for the abuse of it, if he inflict immoderate punishment, and such as is cruel, or indicative of wanton and brutal feelings. Conceding this to be so, it is argued for the plaintiff in error, that as the initiatory step was not a trespass, the action in the present case should have been case, for the illegal consequences of an act rightfully commenced.

In Wheat v. Croom, 7 Ala. Rep. 349, an action of trespass was sustained by the master, for an assault and battery on a slave. It was also added, that “ the measure of damages was not the actual injury sustained by the master in the loss of the service of the slave, but it was competent for the jury to *398give vindictive damages, or as it is called, smart money.” Further, “ The slave, although property, is also a moral agent, a sentient being. As such is capable of mental, as well as corporal suffering, and for this, as well as the evil example, vindictive damages may be given.”

In Helton v. Gaston, 2 Bailey’s Rep. 95, the plaintiff hired a female slave to the defendant for twelve months, with the express stipulation not to beat or abuse her; before the expiration of the time, the defendant did beat her cruelly, and she returned to the plaintiff. It was held that trespass would lie for the injury. The learned Judge who delivered the opinion of the court, said, that slaves “ are, by the operation of our law, deprived of all personal rights, yet they are moral agents, subject to the same feelings, and have a right to protection from abuse, as other human beings.” It is further said, that in White v. Chambers, 2 Bay’s Rep. 70, an action on the case was sustained for beating the plaintiff’s slave, without any objection to the form of the remedy. The principle of that case, it is added, “has been acted on in a number of subsequent cases. In some of them the form of the action was the question, as in Godard v. Wagner, 1 McC. 100; Carston v. Murray, Harp. 113, in which trespass was held to be the proper remedy. But they all, either impliedly or expressly, admit the right of the master to sustain trespass for any battery of his slave.”

It was conceded that the master transferred to the hirer the right to have the services of the slave, for twelve months, and the right to enforce obedience by moderate correction. When he transcended and abused this right, the duty of protection, which remained in the master, entitled him to maintain any action that could be sustained by apprentices, or seamen, for immoderate punishment by their masters. It is, there, insisted that persons standing in the seconditions, may bring trespass against their masters, for punishing them for revenge, or any other cruel or malicious motive. See also, Brown and others v. Howard, 14 Johns. Rep. 119; 1 Chit. Pl. 171.

The doctrine in respect to what acts will constitute one a trespasser ab initio, does not apjffy in a case like the present. While it is conceded that the overseer may inflict moderate *399chastisement, in order to carry out the purposes of his employment, if the proof show that he has transcended this measure, the law will not justify him to any extent, but will regard his conduct as unwarranted in toto. The distinction taken in The Six Carpenters case, (8 Coke Rep. 290; 43 L. Lib. 62, marg’l,) and many subsequent decisions between the effect upon the remedy, of an abuse of authority given by the law, and one emanating from individuals is altogether inapplicable. Whether the master might not, for the infliction of cruel punishment upon his slave, by an overseer, or hirer, bring an action on the case, at his election, need not be considered. The case cited from 2 Bailey, very clearly intimates, that such action is maintainable, but that it does not follow that trespass will not also lie.

It results from what has been said, that the judgment of the Circuit Court must be reversed, and the cause remanded.

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