United States v. Lowe’s Empirical Analysis
9 F.3d 43 · 1993
Citation profile
18 federal appellate · 3 district · 4 state decisions
How this case has been cited
Cited by 30 later decisions (1 by the Supreme Court) — most recently May 2025 · most notably United States v. Delpit (1996), United States v. Agofsky (1994)
18 federal appellate · 3 district · 4 state decisions
Later decisions citing this case, by decade. The current decade is in progress, and our corpus holds fewer opinions from the most recent years, so the latest bars are undercounted — not a real decline.
Relationships
Relies on New York v. Belton · Needler v. Valley National Bank of Arizona · Colorado v. Bertine · Florida v. Wells · Kashif v. United States
Most-quoted passages
The sentences later courts lift from this opinion, ranked by how many decisions quote each — the parts of the opinion doing the work. These counts are smaller than the citation total above because most of the 30 citing decisions cite the case generally; a passage count includes only decisions quoting that exact language verbatim.
“allow law enforcement officers to testify as experts about drug-related activities unfamiliar to most jurors.”
1 later decision quote this exact passage · from the majority“[W]hen an officer observes a traffic offense--however minor--he has probable cause to stop the vehicle.”
1 later decision quote this exact passage · from the majority
How this case has been treated — in progress
Whether each later court followed, distinguished, criticized, or overruled this decision. The treatment classification (task #35) runs highest-cited cases first and lights up here as it reaches this one.