¶1One judge dissenting to the opinion of the court, the judges delivered their opinions seriatim.
¶2This is an appeal from a judgment of the court below, by which a plea to its jurisdiction was sustained, and the suit dismissed as to the present, defendant and appellee.
¶3The suit was brought against two endorsers of a promisory note, who reside in different parishes, and an attempt is made *549on the part of the plaintiff to bring the appellee, who is domiciliated in the parish of Ascension, before the court of the first district, whilst his residence is in that of the second, The right and privilege'of defendants to be sued at the place of their residence, when residing within the limits of the state and at no other place, has been secured to them by the provisions of our laws ever since the act of the legislative council of 1805. To this rule of law, no express exceptions can be found, those only excepted which are contained in the Code of Practice, articles 163 and 164. In addition to those expressed in the code, by a decision of this court, one more has been recognized, necessarily growing out of the provisions of law in relation to obligors exclusively joint; but, in my opinion, the same necessity does not exist in reference to obligations in solido;, and to create a new exception in favor of such contracts, would be in violation of an express and general rule of law, a proceeding not sanctioned either by its letter or spirit. The case of Allain vs. Longer, 4 Louisiana Reports, 152, althóugh the contract in that and the present one are similar, being both in solido, and which seems to be relied on by the plaintiff, brought to the consideration of the court, a question for solution entirely different from 1 that which the case now to be determined presents, and consequently is wholly inapplicable to the present contest. The doctrine in the former case may be just and true, and founded in law, without in any manner interfering with the privilege of defendants to be sued-in the place of their domicil, and no where else.
¶4In interpreting contracts made in solido,^ it is worthy of remark, that the definition and rules relating to them in the Louisiana Code, do not expressly declare them to be both . 7 T T . . , . -i -i jomt and several. It is essential to a joint contract that the obligors should be bound, each one for his virile share, the sum promised by him, and no more. ' It is true that the obli- • ill 1 11 ' , . gations assumed by the maker and endorser of a negotiable paper, creates a contract in solido ; but it seems to me to be joint only in consequence of their promises being based on the same instrument. Strictly speaking, they are not bound jointly *550either to the holder of the note, or bill of exchange, or amongst themselves, according'to the definition given in the code of a joint obligation.
¶5When a contract joint and several in its terms, that is, one made directly in solido, is entered into, it,might be questioned whether the obligee could be permitted to consider this contract, in pursuance of his rights on it, as joint alone, although such an obligation may be said to be joint sub modo, being so between the obligors.
¶6I am therefore of opinion that the judgment of the District Court ought to be affirmed with costs.
¶7dissenting.
¶8The two defendants in this case are sued as endorsers of a promissory note, and reside in different parishes. The suit is brought in the parish in which one of them resides ; the other pleaded as an exception his residence out of the parish in which the suit is brought. The exception was sustained, and the plaintiff appealed.
¶9The rule that every one is to bo sued before the court of his domicil, is one which the Code of Practice gives us, not as an universal, but as a general one, liable to many *551exceptions, some of which are expressed, and implied. Others
¶10We recognised one of the latter lately in the case of a joint obligation; and I believe that the case of a joint and several obligation presents another calling for the same remedy.
¶11I admit that the case of a joint obligation is a stronger one than that where the obligation is joint and several. In the former, there would be a failure of justice, if neither of. the joint obligors, who reside in different parishes, can be sued but in that in which he resides.
¶12But in the case of a joint and several obligation, where all the parties are each liable for the whole debt, and payment by either of them, discharges all the others, the law gives the creditor the right of suing all his debtors in one single suit. This is extremely convenient to the creditor, and saves to the debtors an accumulation of costs, for they may all be defended by the same attorney.
¶13It facilitates credit, for creditors are willing to indulge in proportion as the recovery is easy. It prevents the multiplicity of suits for the same debt, which the law abhors. There is, besides, a great hardship in compelling the. holder of a note to institute thereon as many suits as there are parties on it; for payment by either mulcts him with costs in all the other suits. ■
¶14It is admitted he may sue all of them in one single suit, if they all reside in the same parish. It ought not to be in the power of either of the debtors, by a change of residence, to defeat that right.
¶15An argument has been strongly pressed upon us, which with mé has very little weight. It is said that in the country, litigation offers to a debtor the facility'of keeping his creditors at bay for several years; and if the latter may compel payment, with less expense and difficulty, they would institute their suits on notes of hand in the courts of the city, on which payment will be obtained before the debtor contemplated he could be legally coerced. Jurisdiction may even be given to the courts of the city in cases in which' they have it not, by the addition of the endorsement of a party *552residing in the city. The endorser of a note knows that by the endorsement of it to another, or to the citizen of another state, he may be drawn, not only from his parish, but from the courts of the state to that of the United States.
¶16Every facility which is accorded to the creditors renders credit easily obtained, and procures to the honest debtor indulgence, which he finds sometimes useful. The creditor who is aware that his debtor has the faculty to bid him defiance, loses no time in bringing his suit, and prosecutes it without remission.
¶17Our fellow citizens who reside in the country, find it difficult to obtain money at the interest which the law allows, because the power which they have of protracting payment, deters those who cannot reconcile it to their feelings to exact a high rate of interest, as a security against the trouble, vexation, and consequent danger attending village litigation.
¶18I think the right of exemption from being sued out of one’s own parish has an exception strongly implied in the cases in which the law allows one suit against the several co-debtors.
¶19I am, therefore, of opinion we ought to reverse the judgment of the District Court, overrule the exception on the score of commorancy, and remand the case for further proceedings.