¶1Was the bond properly admitted in evidence? This is the first and most important question in the case.
¶2The declaration is upon a bond described as the bond of all the defendants below — Charles R. Fox (master of the steamer Empire), Thomas D. Gilbert and Francis B. Gilbert, sealed with their respective seals — and the obligation to pay is described as the joint obligation of all.
¶3The bond offered in evidence describes the obligors as Charles R. Fox (present master of the steamer Empire), and Gilbert & Co., and is conditioned that the said Charles R. Fox, and Gilbert & Co. shall pay, &c., and signed
¶4“Charles R Fox, [SEAL."]
¶5“ Gilbert & Co. [SEAL."]
¶6*208The individual names of the Gilberts do not appear upon the bond. It was however proved that Thomas D. Gilbert and Francis B. Gilbert were, at the date of the bond, partners composing the firm of Gilbert & Co., and that the said Thomas D. Gilbert executed the bond in the name of the firm. But no evidence was; given or offered, showing or tending to show that the bond was executed by the single partner in the presence of the other partner, nor that the other partner ¡had previously assented to its execution, nor that he subsequently recognized or ratified it as the act or obligation of the firm.
¶7We understand the general rule of law to be well settled, that (with the exception of the release of a debt, which stands upon peculiar grounds , one partner can not execute a specialty binding, as such, upon the firm, without express authority for that purpose under seal. The English decisions recognize but a single exception to this rule, and that is when the single partner executes the instrument in the presence, and with the assent of^the other member or members of the firm.
¶8But, by the general current of American authorities, the instrument may also be sustained against the firm by proof of prior • parol assent, or subsequent parol ratification by the other member.
¶9We are aware of no case which goes further. See the authorities collected in Story on Cont. §§218, 220; Story on Part. § 117 et seq.; Collyer on Part. (Perkins ed.) §§462 to 467.
¶10The bond in this case was not admissible under the g’eneral rule, and no evidence was given tending to bring it within any of the recognized exceptions to the rule. It was therefore improperly admitted. The bond not being in evidence, and all the other questions raised in the case being dependent upon the bond, such dependent questions have no bearing upon the case before us, and we do not deem it necessary to notice them here.
¶11*209The judgment must be reversed with costs, and a new trial ordered.