United States v. Singleton’s Empirical Analysis
902 F.2d 471 · 1990
Citation profile
77 federal appellate · 1 district · 5 state decisions
How this case has been cited
Cited by 124 later decisions — most recently June 2023 · most notably United States v. Deleveaux (2000), United States v. Perrin (1995)
77 federal appellate · 1 district · 5 state decisions
Later decisions citing this case, by decade. The current decade is in progress, and our corpus holds fewer opinions from the most recent years, so the latest bars are undercounted — not a real decline.
Relationships
Applies 18 U.S.C. § 922 (Brady Handgun Violence Prevention Act)
Relies on United States v. Bailey · In re Kauffman Mutual Fund Actions · Oliphant v. Suquamish Indian Tribe · Scarborough v. United States · Barrett v. United States
Most-quoted passages
The sentences later courts lift from this opinion, ranked by how many decisions quote each — the parts of the opinion doing the work. These counts are smaller than the citation total above because most of the 124 citing decisions cite the case generally; a passage count includes only decisions quoting that exact language verbatim.
“that a direct causal relationship may be reasonably anticipated between the [criminal] action taken and the avoidance of the [threatened] harm.”
28 later decisions quote this exact passage · from the majority“the keystone of the analysis is that the defendant must have no alternative--either before or during the event--to avoid violating the law.”
6 later decisions quote this exact passage · from the dissent“[A] jury instruction on the defense of justification was unwarranted because Singleton failed to show that he did not maintain possession any longer than absolutely necessary. United States v. Stover, 822 F.2d 48 (8th Cir.1987) (no justification defense if the defendant maintains possession of the firearm after the danger subsides). Corollary to the requirement that the defendant have no alternative to possession of the firearm is the requirement that the defendant get rid of the firearm as soon as a safe opportunity arises. Cf. [United States v.] Bailey, 444 U.S. 394 , 399, 100 S.Ct. at 629, 62 L.Ed.2d 575 (prison escapee asserting justification defense must show that he attempted to surrender as soon as safety allowed).”
2 later decisions quote this exact passage · from the dissent
How this case has been treated — in progress
Whether each later court followed, distinguished, criticized, or overruled this decision. The treatment classification (task #35) runs highest-cited cases first and lights up here as it reaches this one.