Darnell v. Ford’s Empirical Analysis
903 F.2d 556 · 1990
Citation profile
19 federal appellate ·
How this case has been cited
Cited by 29 later decisions — most recently May 2025 · most notably Smith v. Bray (2012), 993 F. Supp. 1224 - Swanson v. Van Otterloo (1998)
19 federal appellate ·
Later decisions citing this case, by decade. The current decade is in progress, and our corpus holds fewer opinions from the most recent years, so the latest bars are undercounted — not a real decline.
Relationships
Relies on Harlow v. Fitzgerald · Mt. Healthy City School District Board of Education v. Doyle · Pickering v. Board of Education of Township High School District 205 Will County Illinois · Cleveland Board of Education v. Loudermill · Connick v. Myers
Most-quoted passages
The sentences later courts lift from this opinion, ranked by how many decisions quote each — the parts of the opinion doing the work. These counts are smaller than the citation total above because most of the 29 citing decisions cite the case generally; a passage count includes only decisions quoting that exact language verbatim.
“causation can be established by direct personal participation in the deprivation or by participation setting in motion a series of acts by others which the actor knows or reasonably should know would cause others to inflict constitutional injuries on third parties.”
1 later decision quote this exact passage · from the majority“if his conduct was objectively reasonable as measured by clearly established law.”
1 later decision quote this exact passage · from the majoritye.g. Powell v. Basham
How this case has been treated — in progress
Whether each later court followed, distinguished, criticized, or overruled this decision. The treatment classification (task #35) runs highest-cited cases first and lights up here as it reaches this one.