Warren v. Dwyer’s Empirical Analysis
906 F.2d 70 · 1990
Citation profile
51 federal appellate · 15 district · 12 state decisions
How this case has been cited
Cited by 159 later decisions — most recently April 2025 · most notably Lennon v. Miller (1995), Act Up!/Portland v. Bagley (1992)
51 federal appellate · 15 district · 12 state decisions
Later decisions citing this case, by decade. The current decade is in progress, and our corpus holds fewer opinions from the most recent years, so the latest bars are undercounted — not a real decline.
Relationships
Relies on Harlow v. Fitzgerald · Anderson v. Creighton · Mitchell v. Forsyth · Brinegar v. United States · Malley v. Briggs
Most-quoted passages
The sentences later courts lift from this opinion, ranked by how many decisions quote each — the parts of the opinion doing the work. These counts are smaller than the citation total above because most of the 159 citing decisions cite the case generally; a passage count includes only decisions quoting that exact language verbatim.
“'is a question of law better left for the court to decide.'”
7 later decisions quote this exact passage · from the dissent“[e]ven where the law is “clearly established” and the scope of an official’s permissible conduct is “clearly defined,” the qualified immunity defense also protects an official if it was “objectively reasonable” for him at the time of the challenged action to believe his acts were lawful.”
4 later decisions quote this exact passage · from the majority“The better rule, we believe, is for the court to decide the issue of qualified immunity as a matter of law, preferably on a pretrial motion for summary judgment when possible ....”
4 later decisions quote this exact passage · from the dissent
How this case has been treated — in progress
Whether each later court followed, distinguished, criticized, or overruled this decision. The treatment classification (task #35) runs highest-cited cases first and lights up here as it reaches this one.