Alexander v. Perrill’s Empirical Analysis
916 F.2d 1392 · 1990
Citation profile
32 federal appellate · 5 district · 2 state decisions
How this case has been cited
Cited by 64 later decisions — most recently April 2025 · most notably Alexandra White Joseph Deringer Richard Graham v. Russell Lee Lynn Tamiyasu-Lee Lavera Gillespie Paul Smith Robert Zurowski John Phillips Elizabeth Julian (2000), Douglas Schwenk v. James Hartford (2000)
32 federal appellate · 5 district · 2 state decisions
Later decisions citing this case, by decade. The current decade is in progress, and our corpus holds fewer opinions from the most recent years, so the latest bars are undercounted — not a real decline.
Relationships
Relies on Chevron U. S. A. Inc. v. Natural Resources Defense Council, Inc. · Harlow v. Fitzgerald · Bivens v. Six Unknown Named Agents of Federal Bureau of Narcotics · Anderson v. Creighton · Mitchell v. Forsyth
Most-quoted passages
The sentences later courts lift from this opinion, ranked by how many decisions quote each — the parts of the opinion doing the work. These counts are smaller than the citation total above because most of the 64 citing decisions cite the case generally; a passage count includes only decisions quoting that exact language verbatim.
“'the contours of the right [are] sufficiently clear that a reasonable official would understand that what he is doing violates that right.'”
4 later decisions quote this exact passage · from the majority“We have previously held that under § 1983 the qualified immunity defense is inapplicable whenever an official “does an affirmative act, participates in another’s affirmative acts, or omits to perform an act which he is legally required to do that causes the deprivation [of an individual’s rights].” Johnson v. Duffy, 588 F.2d 740, 743 (9th Cir.1978) (emphasis added). Under § 1983 when an official fails to take an action that he has a clearly established duty to take and that failure is a foreseeable contributing factor to the violation of a plaintiffs constitutional rights, the defense is similarly unavailable. Id.”
2 later decisions quote this exact passage · from the majority“[T]he law simply does not require that we find a prior case with the exact factual situation in order to hold that the official breached a clearly established duty.”
2 later decisions quote this exact passage · from the majority
How this case has been treated — in progress
Whether each later court followed, distinguished, criticized, or overruled this decision. The treatment classification (task #35) runs highest-cited cases first and lights up here as it reaches this one.