Fred v. Roque’s Empirical Analysis
916 F.2d 37 · 1990
Citation profile
21 federal appellate · 9 district ·
How this case has been cited
Cited by 38 later decisions — most recently September 2012 · most notably Metcalf & Eddy, Inc. v. Puerto Rico Aqueduct & Sewer Authority (1993), Redondo-Borges v. United States Department of Housing & Urban Development (2005)
21 federal appellate · 9 district ·
Later decisions citing this case, by decade. The current decade is in progress, and our corpus holds fewer opinions from the most recent years, so the latest bars are undercounted — not a real decline.
Relationships
Applies 42 U.S.C. § 1983 (Civil Rights Act of 1871 / Section 1983 (Ku Klux Klan Act))
Relies on Harlow v. Fitzgerald · Edelman v. Jordan · Will v. Michigan Department of State Police · Rosado v. Wyman · United States v. Zannino
Most-quoted passages
The sentences later courts lift from this opinion, ranked by how many decisions quote each — the parts of the opinion doing the work. These counts are smaller than the citation total above because most of the 38 citing decisions cite the case generally; a passage count includes only decisions quoting that exact language verbatim.
“When a defendant is 'entitled to qualified immunity, he can under no theory be held liable in his individual capacity for the back pay award, which, in any event must be paid by or on behalf of the employer by definition.'”
1 later decision quote this exact passage · from the majority
How this case has been treated — in progress
Whether each later court followed, distinguished, criticized, or overruled this decision. The treatment classification (task #35) runs highest-cited cases first and lights up here as it reaches this one.